Hedwig and the Angry Inch
The life of someone who learned rock from the radio in a walled city moves from glam rock to punk and then to a folk ballad on a single guitar, and each song becomes, just as it is, a chapter of the story.
At a glance 🔭💭
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The creators ⏳🌊
- ComposerStephen Trask
He wrote both the music and the lyrics, and with his band Cheater created the Angry Inch sound of the stage show and the film.
- DirectorJohn Cameron Mitchell
He wrote the book of the original stage show and, as the film's screenwriter, director and star, played Hedwig, earning a Golden Globe nomination for the role.
- Lead roleMichael Pitt
He played Tommy Gnosis, who leaves with Hedwig's songs and becomes a rock star.
- Lead roleMiriam Shor
After the 1998 Off-Broadway premiere, she played Yitzhak, Hedwig's husband and backing vocalist, in the film as well.
I. A song that began on a plane
(Meeting) Stephen Trask, who wrote the music for Hedwig, is a rock musician born in 1966 who grew up in Connecticut and graduated from Wesleyan University. The work began in 1989, when Trask struck up a conversation with the actor John Cameron Mitchell on a flight from Los Angeles to New York. Mitchell had appeared in the Broadway musical Big River, and Trask was a composer and performer who led the band Cheater. (Squeezebox) Trask was the music director and house band at Squeezebox, a drag-punk party held at a club in SoHo, New York. Mitchell's original protagonist was Tommy, a boy who was the son of an army general, and Hedwig was a supporting character. In 1994, at Trask's urging, Mitchell took the Squeezebox stage dressed as Hedwig, and the center of gravity shifted. Early performances sometimes set new lyrics to existing rock songs. (Premiere) Honed for nearly four years, the work opened off-Broadway at Manhattan's Jane Street Theatre in February 1998, ran for 857 performances, and won an Obie Award. The onstage band, the Angry Inch, was in fact Trask's band Cheater. The band in the story and the band in real life were one and the same. (Film) Mitchell adapted, directed and starred in the 2001 film version. Part of the screenplay was developed at the Sundance Institute, and the film won the Audience Award and the Directing Award at that year's Sundance Film Festival. Trask also scored the film. His Grammy-nominated works are the 1999 off-Broadway cast album and the 2014 Broadway revival cast album. Trask went on to write music for The Station Agent and In Good Company, and for Dreamgirls, covered in this series, provided the underscore linking song to song.
II. The stage at a seafood restaurant
(Stage) The film opens at Bilgewater's, a seafood restaurant chain. Hedwig and the band, the Angry Inch, play in a corner of the dining room while a handful of customers clean their plates. Meanwhile Tommy Gnosis, who became a star on Hedwig's songs, is touring arenas, and Hedwig's band trails that tour like a shadow. From the very start, the glamorous rock star and the shabby restaurant stage are set side by side. (Form) The story unspools through the talk and songs Hedwig offers the audience between numbers. The stage version was a concert led by a single performer, but the film widened it with flashbacks and scenes on the road. Even so, the skeleton in which the songs drive the story remained intact. (The wall) The first number, “Tear Me Down,” is a raw glam rock song in which Hedwig likens herself to the Berlin Wall. A riff repeating a short guitar phrase drives the song, and midway comes a recitation (spoken word) passage in which Yitzhak, Hedwig's husband and backup singer, narrates the history of the Wall. Hedwig's self-definition as a being caught between East and West, man and woman, begins with this song. (Myth) The next song, “The Origin of Love,” holds the character's worldview. Mitchell handed Trask Plato's Symposium and asked for a song made from it. Trask turned the myth of human origins told by Aristophanes, the story that the gods split once-whole humans in two, into song as if turning the pages of a picture book. Here the film's overarching question, the search for a lost other half, is posed. On screen flow the hand-drawn images of animator Emily Hubley.
The opening number, in which Hedwig takes a shabby seafood-restaurant stage and compares herself to the Berlin Wall.
- Hedwig compares herself to a wall dividing East from West, man from woman. The metaphor is the first statement of a theme that runs to the end of the film.
- Midway there is a recitation (spoken word) passage in which Yitzhak (Miriam Shor) narrates the history of the Wall, while the band builds tension with a riff repeating a short guitar phrase.
- It was the opening number on stage as well, but the film sets it before indifferent diners, contrasting rock-star gestures with a shabby reality.
- Meat Loaf covered it in 2003, and on the band Spoon's cover, Stephen Colbert took the spoken part.
A song adapting the myth of human origins from Plato's Symposium, it poses the film's overarching question of the search for a lost other half.
- Mitchell handed Trask the Symposium and asked for this song. Its source is the myth, in Aristophanes' speech, of humans split in two.
- Trask has said the aim was to write it like turning the pages of a picture book. It sounds built to start quietly and grow larger as instruments are added one by one.
- In the film, hand-drawn animation by Emily Hubley, daughter of animators Faith and John Hubley, flows alongside the song. This animated sequence is said to rank among the film's most striking scenes.
- The film also includes an excerpted version sung by Tommy Gnosis. The dissonance of hearing the same song in the voice of the one who took it touches the heart of the story.
III. The radio of East Berlin
(Radio) Hedwig's birth name is Hansel Schmidt, a boy raised in East Berlin. In a cramped apartment, the boy listens with his head inside the oven to American rock drifting from Western radio beyond the Wall. In this scene the music is not background. It is the outside world itself, seeping into a closed city. (Seduction) Grown into a young man, Hansel meets Luther, an American GI. “Sugar Daddy” depicts the encounter as bouncy rock with a touch of country. Luther approaching with candy held out and Hansel's calculated leaning into that sweetness lightly cross paths. At the 2014 Tony Awards, Neil Patrick Harris performed the song. (The price) To marry Luther and leave East Germany, Hansel had to become a woman. The operation was botched, and what remained is the 'angry inch' of the title. “Angry Inch” is the punk rock number that howls this story most fiercely. The film puts the song on the restaurant stage, letting it spill over into a ruckus between uncomfortable diners and the band. (Genre) Here Trask's method comes through clearly. For each scene, Trask picks a different rock genre. The glam rock of 1970s David Bowie, the edgy sound of Lou Reed and Iggy Pop, and the unadorned melodies of John Lennon mix in different proportions from song to song. A change of genre also signals a change in the places and times through which Hedwig's life moves.
The song that howls most fiercely, from the restaurant stage, the story of the 'angry inch' left by a failed operation.
- A short, fast punk rock number. Its way of driving a painful story forward with rage and black humor rather than sentiment distills the character of Hedwig.
- The film puts the song on the restaurant stage, letting it spill over into a ruckus between uneasy diners and the band. The song itself becomes the scene's event.
- Bob Mould, formerly of Hüsker Dü, played guitar on the film soundtrack. Its thicker, rawer guitar sound is worth comparing with the stage cast album.
- The heavy metal band Type O Negative covered it in 2003, and on the tribute album Wig in a Box, Sleater-Kinney and Fred Schneider sang it together.
IV. A wig in Kansas
(Trailer) Having followed Luther to a trailer park in Junction City, Kansas, Hedwig is abandoned on their first wedding anniversary. That same day, television carries the news of the Berlin Wall coming down. Hedwig had gone so far as to change her body to cross the Wall, and now the Wall has simply vanished. The film's bitterest irony passes with no music, only news footage. (Wig) “Wig in a Box” is the song in which Hedwig, at rock bottom, puts on a wig and becomes someone else. It starts quietly, like talking to oneself, as instruments join one by one until it swells into a sing-along. The wig is portrayed not as a way for Hedwig to hide but as a way to build and put on a new self. (Tommy) While babysitting at the commanding officer's house, Hedwig meets Tommy, the family's eldest son. Hedwig teaches the shy boy rock, writes songs with him, and gives him a stage name. “Wicked Little Town,” the song Hedwig offers Tommy in this period, is a simple folk ballad over a single guitar. It is the most unadorned of Hedwig's songs. (Rift) But Tommy turns away from the story Hedwig's body carries, leaves with the songs they wrote together, and becomes a rock star. Here the story changes course. A love story becomes a story of stolen songs, and every number heard so far becomes evidence asking to whom it originally belonged.
The song in which Hedwig, abandoned in a Kansas trailer, puts on a wig, becomes someone else, and rises again.
- It starts quietly, like talking to oneself, as instruments join one by one until it finally swells into a song everyone sings together. The shift of heart from despair to self-invention shows directly in the arrangement.
- The wig is portrayed not as a way to hide but as a way to build and put on a new self. It also connects to the 1970s glam rock tradition of changing identity through makeup and costume.
- The film stages it as a scene made for singing along, drawing the audience into the song. That is also why it became the number audiences sing together at cult screenings.
- The title of a 2003 tribute album released to benefit the Hetrick-Martin Institute, an organization for LGBTQ youth, came from this very song.
A modest folk ballad Hedwig offers the boy Tommy, it is sung again in another setting late in the film, and its meaning shifts.
- A simple folk ballad over a single guitar. Among the raw rock numbers, it is a rare moment when Hedwig sets aside all artifice.
- The soundtrack includes separate Hedwig and Tommy Gnosis versions. It is a fine example of a reprise, in which the same melody takes on different meanings depending on who sings it.
- According to the album credits, Tommy Gnosis's songs were recorded by Trask, Miriam Shor, Bob Mould and others. The film's scenes and the album are worth comparing.
- Where in the story the second version is sung, and by whom, is best discovered in the film itself. In that moment the song sounds like both a farewell and a reply.
V. A voice split apart
(Pursuit) Hedwig's band trails Tommy's tour from one chain restaurant to the next. Her manager prepares a copyright suit, and within the band the tension between Hedwig and Yitzhak grows. Hedwig will not let Yitzhak step to the front of the stage. “The Long Grift,” which Yitzhak sings in her place in the stage version, was cut from the film down to a single line. (Accident) An unexpected accident exposes Hedwig and Tommy's relationship to the world, and overnight Hedwig becomes a sensation. The big stage she longed for at last opens to her, but it is also the place where everything she has built begins to shake. (Lament) “Hedwig's Lament” is a brief lament that begins almost with the bare voice. The film recorded most of its lead vocals live on set, and here too the breaths and tremors remain as part of the performance. (Rupture) The lament bursts at once into “Exquisite Corpse.” The title comes from a Surrealist game in which several people took turns adding to a drawing or a sentence. Fractured rhythms and guitar close to noise let us hear the moment when Hedwig, a being stitched together from many pieces, comes apart. From this point the film blurs the line between reality and fantasy. (Recurrence) Next, “Wicked Little Town” returns as a reprise. The same melody, sung again in a different place, takes on a different meaning. Who sings it to whom is better seen and heard for yourself.
Bursting straight out of the brief lament “Hedwig's Lament,” it depicts the climactic moment when Hedwig's very being shatters and scatters.
- The preceding “Hedwig's Lament” is a brief lament sung almost with the bare voice.
- The title comes from the Surrealists' game “exquisite corpse,” in which several people took turns adding to a drawing or a sentence. It points to Hedwig herself, a being pieced together from fragments.
- Fractured rhythms and guitar close to noise pour out. It is punk's way: instead of a finely polished melody, rupture itself is made into music.
- With this song as the threshold, the film blurs the distinction between reality and fantasy. The scenes that follow are more naturally read by the logic of dreams than as plot.
VI. Midnight radio
(Liberation) The final song, “Midnight Radio,” is an anthem that begins low and slow, builds gradually, and then bursts with every instrument at once. The song reaches beyond Hedwig herself, calling one by one the names of the women musicians who sustained her from the other side of the radio — Aretha Franklin, Yoko Ono, Patti Smith — and holding out a hand to the world's misfits. (Origin) The scene of the boy listening to the radio inside an oven in East Berlin and the title of this song face each other. The film's beginning and end are linked by the radio. The boy who once eavesdropped on the outside world has now become the one speaking to someone listening to the radio. (Ending) What the screen shows while this song plays is not written here. Let it only be said that the song answers the question of the lost other half raised by “The Origin of Love” in a way different from myth. What becomes, in the last song, of the wall that the first song invited us to tear down is worth listening for closely. (Afterward) Made for $6 million, the film earned only about $3.6 million in American theaters, but over time it gained a devoted following and entered the Criterion Collection in 2019. The 2014 Broadway revival won the Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical, and Neil Patrick Harris and Lena Hall won for Best Actor and Best Featured Actress, respectively. Moving between stage and screen, these songs are still meeting new voices today.
The final song, mirroring the scene of the boy listening to the radio inside an oven, closes the whole film as an anthem of liberation.
- It begins low and slow, builds gradually, and then bursts with every instrument at once. It follows the form of an anthem sung by the whole hall together.
- The song pays tribute to the voices that sustained Hedwig, calling the names of women musicians such as Aretha Franklin, Yoko Ono and Patti Smith.
- The radio of the title calls back the East Berlin scene. The boy who once eavesdropped on the outside world now becomes the one speaking to the misfits beyond the radio.
- The ending the screen shows while this song plays is left for you to see. The wall of the first song and the half-myth of the second are tied together here.
- On the tribute album “Wig in a Box,” Cyndi Lauper sang this song.
Lesser-known stories
(The first protagonist) Hedwig is now the face of the work, but in the original conception the protagonist was the boy Tommy. According to Trask's recollection, he and Mitchell first struck up a conversation on a plane around 1989 because, unlike the other passengers, the two of them were the only ones not wearing headphones. Hedwig rose from supporting character to lead through the 1994 performances at Squeezebox. (Autobiographical layers) Hedwig's figure came from a German woman who babysat for Mitchell's family when he was a teenager in Junction City, Kansas. It is Tommy, rather, who resembles Mitchell himself. Both are sons of army generals, both were devoutly Catholic, both were steeped in mythology. Mitchell's father served as commander of the U.S. Army sector of West Berlin during the Cold War. That the story's skeleton, linking Berlin to American military bases in Kansas, grew out of the author's own upbringing is mentioned less often, overshadowed by Hedwig's glittering image. (The theater) The Jane Street Theatre, where the show premiered, was the former ballroom of the Hotel Riverview (now the Jane Hotel). The building was originally a lodging house for sailors and is also known as the place where some survivors of the Titanic stayed in 1912. The atmosphere of the shabby ballroom suited the premise of a fallen rock star's show. (Recording) Most of the film's lead vocals were recorded live on set, but the soundtrack album was recorded separately, mainly at Bearsville Studios in New York State. (Box office) On release, the film's box office fell short of its budget. What kept the work alive was its songs more than its ticket sales. In 2003 many musicians took part in a tribute album benefiting an LGBTQ youth organization, and this led in turn to the Broadway revival and a U.S. national tour.
Glossary notes 📚🔎
Reprise
(Meaning) The French reprise means to take (prendre) again (re). It refers to picking up once more something that has already appeared. (In film·musical-theater music) It refers to a song sung earlier being sung again later in the drama. Usually the lyrics, the singer or the mood has changed, so that the same melody carries a different meaning. It is like a cheer song everyone sang together at the opening of field day: sung quietly again after losing the match, the same song sounds entirely different. In “Hedwig,” “Wicked Little Town” is sung twice in just this way. (Elsewhere) In fencing, the same word names a renewed attack, thrusting again immediately after the opponent's parry.
Glam rock
(Meaning) Glam is short for the English glamour — dazzling allure. (In film·musical-theater music) A branch of rock that flowered in Britain in the early 1970s, marked by makeup, glittering costumes, stage dress that blurred the line between male and female, and theatrical staging. David Bowie is the prime example. Becoming another character onstage mattered as much as the music. Think of how, at a school play, the moment you put on makeup and a costume you grow bold, as if you had become someone other than your usual self. Hedwig's wig and makeup carry on exactly this tradition.
Punk rock
(Meaning) The English punk was originally slang used to belittle a good-for-nothing or a greenhorn. Musicians took the word and adopted it as their own name. (In film·musical-theater music) Rock that emerged in New York and London in the mid-1970s: short, fast and loud. It puts a few chords and raw anger ahead of dazzling technique. Its core is the spirit that you can scream all you like without needing to be good. Like playing wildly with a single ball in gym class without fussing over every rule, it is music where giving it everything matters more than skill. “Angry Inch” is the prime example. (Elsewhere) In Korean, peongkeu ('flat tire'), said when a tire bursts, comes from the English puncture and is an entirely different word.
Riff
(In film·musical-theater music) In rock, a short phrase repeated by the guitar or bass. A figure a few bars long is repeated over and over to build a song's backbone and drive. Often you forget the song but remember the riff. Just as, when jumping rope, your body falls into the rhythm on its own as friends keep chanting the same rhyme to the beat, a riff is the repeating device the whole song leans on as it runs.
Spoken word
(Meaning) In English, spoken word means language that is spoken — said rather than sung. (In film·musical-theater music) It refers to a passage in the middle of a song or over music in which a story is told or a poem recited without melody. In Korean it is also called nangsong ('recitation'). The accompaniment continues, but the voice flows as if speaking, conveying facts or stories that song alone would struggle to hold. It is like reading a script over background music during a class presentation. The passage in “Tear Me Down” that recounts the history of the Berlin Wall is one such case. (Elsewhere) In the performing arts, it can also refer to the genre itself, in which poets perform their poems aloud onstage.
Live recording
(Meaning) The term dongsi nogeum (同時錄音) means recording sound (錄音) at the same (同) time (時). It means that sound is recorded at the very moment the picture is shot. (In film·musical-theater music) Movie musicals often prerecord the songs in a studio, and during filming the actors lip-sync to that recording. Live recording is the method in which actors actually sing in front of the camera and that sound is used as is. Breaths and tremors stay alive, so acting and singing become one, but mistakes remain too. It is like singing live onstage at a school choir competition instead of playing a prerecorded track.
Anthem
(Meaning) The English anthem comes, by way of Old English, from the Greek antiphona — a song sung back and forth by voices facing each other. At first it meant a hymn sung together in church. (In film·musical-theater music) In popular music, it refers to a big, swelling song that makes many people sing along in one voice. It usually begins quietly, builds steadily, and at the end bursts out with every instrument and voice. Think of the moment at the end of sports day when the whole class links arms and sings the class song. “Midnight Radio” is this film's anthem. (Elsewhere) The word is also used for a national anthem (國歌).