novareads.musicMusical

August Rush

2007

Every theme is a puzzle piece, and because the audience has been hearing them unconsciously throughout the film, they take on meaning at the very end — Mark Mancina

At a glance 🔭💭

1. DepartureUS release, 2007Directed by Kirsten SheridanMusic composed first2. CharactersA boy who hears soundsCellist and rock singerWizard of the streets3. SoundWind in the wheat fieldCity noiseGuitar tapping4. SongsGospel in HarlemAcademy Award nomineeElgar Cello Concerto5. ClimaxCentral Park concertAugust's RhapsodyScattered pieces converge6. LineageThe Lion King·TarzanComposer of MoanaThe year against OnceRush2007A rhapsody that follows a boy who hears every …
Settings of the story 🧭🗺️
NUnited States of AmericaGuatemalaNew YorkChicagoSan FranciscoHarlem

Some coordinates adapted from GeoNames (CC BY 4.0) · Pleiades (CC BY 3.0)

The makers ⏳🌊

  • ComposerMark Mancina

    He worked for more than a year and a half before shooting began, and wrote the final rhapsody first of all.

  • DirectorKirsten Sheridan

    An Irish-born director, she made this film as her second feature.

  • LeadFreddie Highmore

    Cast as Evan Taylor, otherwise known as August Rush, he learned conducting, organ and guitar himself.

  • LeadKeri Russell

    Played Lyla, August's mother, a cellist trained at Juilliard.

  • LeadJonathan Rhys Meyers

    Played Louis, an Irish rock singer, and sang his own songs in the film.

  • LeadRobin Williams

    As Wizard, a street musician who keeps a band of runaway children, he drew a man in whom tenderness and greed are tangled together.

Play all 4 on YouTube ↗

I. A score begun at the end

(The work) “August Rush” is a film released by Warner Bros. in November 2007. It tells of a cellist and an Irish rock singer who spend one night together and part, and of the son born to them without their knowing, as the three find their way to one another through music. The screenplay was written by Nick Castle and James V. Hart, and the film was directed by Kirsten Sheridan, daughter of the Irish director Jim Sheridan. It was her second feature as a director. (The composer) Mark Mancina, who wrote the score, made his name with action films such as “Speed,” “Bad Boys” and “Twister,” and won a Grammy for co-composing and producing Broadway's “The Lion King” and for the music of Disney's “Tarzan.” He studied classical guitar and composition in college, and until his early thirties he played in rock bands while building a career in documentary and television music. A résumé that had lived through both classical music and rock in the body suited well the story of a boy with a cellist mother and a rock-singer father. How exactly he came to take on the film is not recorded in much detail. What is clear is that the terms on which he took it were unusual. Mancina would later also score “Moana,” which this series has covered. (The order) Film music is usually added after shooting and editing are finished. But because in this film the music was the device that drives the plot, Mancina began composing months before the first scene was shot, and in all he spent more than a year and a half on the project. He wrote the film's final piece first — the rhapsody the boy completes. The design was to break that piece into fragments, let one be heard with each event in the boy's life, and gather the fragments into a single work at the end. The recording is said to have been made on a scoring stage in Los Angeles.

II. A wheat field played by the wind

(The wheat field) The film opens on a boy standing in the middle of a wheat field. As the wind sweeps across the ears of grain, he closes his eyes and raises his hands, moving as if conducting an invisible orchestra. As the sound of the wind and the rustle of the wheat gradually merge with the music, the audience learns, before any word is spoken, that to this child the sounds of the world are heard simply as music. The protagonist of this scene is not melody but sound itself. (The orphanage) The boy's name is Evan Taylor, and he is eleven. Raised in a children's home outside New York, he is teased by the other children, yet he believes that his parents hear the music he hears, and that one day that music will lead him to them. From the outset the film presents this faith in the grammar of a fairy tale. (One night) The story goes back eleven years, to New York. Lyla, studying cello at Juilliard, has walked only the path of a performer under a strict father. Louis, the singer of an Irish rock band, takes the stage with his brothers. The two meet on a rooftop overlooking Washington Square and spend the night together. The next day Lyla is led away by her father, and the two never meet again. (Crossed paths) After a car accident, Lyla gives birth prematurely; her father tells her the baby died and secretly gives it up for adoption. Louis leaves the band and lets go of music. The soundtrack album includes a piece that weaves Bach and rock into a single track. It is as if the music tells us, before the plot does, that the two separate worlds of cello and electric guitar were destined from the start to become one.

♪Main Title

The first track on the soundtrack album, Mancina's orchestral music carries on the mood of the opening, in which the boy conducts the wind in the wheat field.

  • Rather than opening with a lavish melody, it unfolds as sound gathers little by little — much like the senses of a boy who hears music in the wind.
  • Mancina wrote the final rhapsody first and planted its fragments throughout the film. Keep in mind the short melodic phrase heard here, and you will catch the moment it returns in the last piece.
  • The texture — other instruments entering one by one over broad harmonies laid down by the strings — sounds in step with the image of the view opening wide over the wheat field.
♪Bach/Break

Weaving cellist Lyla's Bach and rock singer Louis's band music into a single track, it renders in sound the moment the two worlds first touch.

  • The cello part was played by session cellist Steve Erdody, and the vocals were sung by Jonathan Rhys Meyers himself, who played Louis.
  • Bach's cello, standing on strict rules, and rock bursting freely forth are heard by turns, then overlap. The difference in temperament between the two future parents is the very structure of the piece.
  • The way two different musics are joined within one piece sounds like a device that previews the music of the son who will inherit both.

III. City noise, a street guitar

(Running away) Slipping out of the children's home, Evan reaches Manhattan. Here the film lavishes care on the noise of the city. The scrape of a subway on its rails, a basketball striking the pavement, horns and footsteps each find a beat and pile up, and in Evan's ears they turn into a vast ensemble. In this scene too, the protagonist is not any particular piece but the very act of weaving sound into music. If the wheat field of the previous chapter was the sound of nature, now the sound of the city takes its place. (Wizard) Evan follows Arthur, a boy playing on the street, into a derelict theater. It is the place where a man called Wizard sends children out as street musicians and collects their money. Wizard, played by Robin Williams, is both a man who looks after the children and a man who uses them; sincerity about music and greed are mixed within one person. (The first guitar) Touching a guitar for the first time, Evan finds its sounds not by plucking the strings but by tapping the fretboard and striking the body. It is a scene of an untaught child inventing the uses of an instrument on his own. The piece was created by Mancina together with the guitarist Kaki King, and the hands shown in close-up on screen are King's. Her distinctive technique of tapping the fretboard with both hands became the very device that shows Evan's gift. (The name) Wizard gives the boy a stage name: August Rush. When a social worker looking for Evan appears, Wizard hides the flyers and tries to keep the boy at his side. From the moment his name changes, the boy's music is for the first time held in someone else's hands.

♪Bari ImprovFilm scene — Freddie Highmore · guitar Kaki King

Music for the scene in which a boy holding a guitar for the first time finds its sounds by tapping rather than plucking the strings, written by Mancina and Kaki King together.

  • Tapping — sounding notes by striking the fretboard directly with two fingers — mixes with a percussive style that beats the guitar's body like a drum. This is where the impression comes from of an untaught child seemingly inventing the instrument's uses on his own.
  • The “Bari” of the title appears to refer to a baritone guitar, tuned lower than a standard guitar. That a low, thick resonance comes from a young boy's hands is strange and striking.
  • The hands shown in close-up are not the actor's but Kaki King's. She played most of August's guitar parts in the film.
  • The progression — repeating the same figure while gradually adding sound — seems to transfer to a single guitar the hearing of the previous scene, which stacked city noise into rhythm.
Listen on YouTube ↗

IV. A score learned in church

(Refuge) When the police raid the theater, August flees and comes to a church in Harlem. There he meets Hope, a young girl in the choir, and the gospel song she sings with the children became the best-known song in the film. Sung by the Impact Repertory Theatre, a Harlem youth performance group, it was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. (Notation) Hope teaches August how to write down notes. It is the moment when sounds that rang only in his head are fixed on paper for the first time. August fills staff paper through the night, then sits at the church's pipe organ and draws vast chords from its keys and pedals. Here his music, which began in the sounds of nature and the noise of the city, takes the form of a score for the first time. (Juilliard) Through the pastor, who heard him play, August enters Juilliard — the very school where his mother studied cello eleven years before. There he begins writing a large-scale work, a rhapsody, and the school decides to present it at an outdoor concert in Central Park. (The parents) Meanwhile, the story's other two strands are moving too. Lyla, who has been teaching cello in Chicago, learns from her father on his sickbed that her child is alive; she takes out her cello again and heads to New York to find her son. Louis, who has been living as an office worker in San Francisco, sets out to find Lyla and returns to the stage. As the three converge on the same city without knowing one another, Mancina lets fragments of the final piece slip into scene after scene.

♪Raise It Up

A gospel song sung by young Hope and the choir in a Harlem church — the moment August first meets a community with whom to share music.

  • Sung by the Impact Repertory Theatre, a Harlem youth performance group, and Jamia Simone Nash, who played Hope. The song was written by the group's leader, Jamal Joseph, among others.
  • The exchange form in which one person leads and the group answers (call and response) is a deep-rooted idiom of gospel. It coincides with the scene in which a boy who had only ever heard music alone receives an answer for the first time.
  • The lyrics carry a spirit of encouragement and faith — to lift one's head and raise one's voice even in hardship — as handclaps and chorus swell toward a climax.
  • Nominated for Best Original Song at the 80th Academy Awards, it was also performed at the ceremony; the award went to “Falling Slowly” from “Once.”

V. The same day, three stages

(Abduction) Before the concert, Wizard turns up at the school and takes August back to the streets. August is returned to having to earn money playing guitar in Washington Square. On the day his rhapsody is to be performed, the composer himself may not be there. (The duet) In that square August meets a man holding a guitar. Neither knowing who the other is, the two trade the guitar back and forth in an impromptu duet. One tosses out a phrase and the other takes it and twists it, and within a few bars they are breathing together like people who have played side by side for years. The man invites the boy to come to his show, and this encounter sets the boy moving again. The guitar in this scene was played not by Kaki King but by the Brazilian guitarist Heitor Pereira and by Doug Smith. (The cello) The same day in Central Park, Lyla takes the stage with an orchestra for the first time in years. Her performance begins with the slow opening of Elgar's Cello Concerto. The soundtrack album weaves this Elgar and a rock number from Louis's side into a single track. The music tells us first that the two of that one night eleven years ago are again playing on the same evening, on different stages. (The race) August escapes from Wizard and runs to the park. Louis, too, sees Lyla's name on a street banner and heads for the park. The film interlocks this final stretch with the movements of the three and the rising of the music. And the moment August steps onto the podium and raises his hands, the same gesture with which he conducted the empty air in the wheat field begins to move a real orchestra.

♪Dueling GuitarsFilm scene — August Rush

In Washington Square, August and Louis, neither knowing who the other is, strike up an impromptu guitar duet.

  • The exchange structure — one side tosses out a phrase and the other takes it and transforms it — unfolds just like the duel of the title. That two people meeting for the first time fall into step within a few bars speaks the hidden meaning of the scene.
  • Unlike August's other guitar pieces in the film, this one alone was played not by Kaki King but by Heitor Pereira and Doug Smith. It seems the two guitars each needed a different touch.
  • Pereira is a Brazilian-born guitarist and composer who has long worked as a guitarist on Hollywood film-score recordings.
Listen on YouTube ↗
♪Elgar/Something Inside

The Elgar cello concerto Lyla plays in Central Park and Louis’s rock number are woven into a single track. For the first time in 11 years, the two stand on the same evening, on different stages.

  • Lyla’s final performance opens with the slow introduction (Adagio-Moderato) of Elgar’s “Cello Concerto in E minor.” Written in 1919, just after the First World War, the piece is counted among the works most deeply steeped in the loneliness of Elgar’s last years.
  • The opening, in which the cello alone scrapes out heavy chords, overlaps with the image of a player who had long set the instrument aside lifting the bow once more, and so it takes on a weight beyond that of a mere solo.
  • Cello classics and the sound of a rock band are spliced together in alternation, letting the ear hear a cross-cutting that moves between different places at the same moment. It is constructed as a pair with the earlier “Bach/Break.”
  • This Elgar concerto is especially well known through cellist Jacqueline du Pré’s recording, so for classical-music lovers it is also a choice that summons the memory of that recording.
Listen on YouTube ↗
♪August’s RhapsodyFilm scene — August Rush (final scene)

This is the final piece August conducts in Central Park. The piece Mancina wrote first, scattering its fragments throughout the film, at last rings out whole.

  • A one-movement piece that, unbound by form, freely strings together several themes is called a rhapsody (gwangsigok). It is a fitting form for threading into one the journey of a boy who has passed through wind, city, guitar, organ and gospel.
  • Here the short melodic fragments that drifted through scene after scene each find their place. According to the composer, the reason a piece heard for the first time still feels familiar is that we have been hearing it, without knowing, all through the film.
  • As the timbre of the guitar blends into the orchestra and choir, the parents’ two worlds, classical and rock, are brought to one place within this piece.
  • It is also worth noting that the piece is written in C major (C major). The most basic of keys, made up only of the piano’s white keys, it evokes the brightness of a first state, free of any ornament.
  • In Mancina’s own materials it is also introduced under the name “Rhapsody No. 1 in C major.”
Listen on YouTube ↗

VI. What the rhapsody leaves behind

(Convergence) August’s Rhapsody is the piece this film has been heading toward from the very beginning. It is the very piece Mancina wrote first and whose fragments he scattered throughout the film. The wind in the wheat field, the noise of the city, the guitar on the street, the church organ and the gospel return one by one within the orchestra and choir. Though hearing the piece for the first time, the audience finds it strangely familiar, and that was precisely the effect the composer was after. (Ending) What happens to the people scattered through the audience while the performance goes on is not set down here. But what the music does in that moment is clear. Classical and rock, the timbres of cello and guitar, which have only missed each other throughout the film, are at last brought to one place within this piece. In the final few minutes, when dialogue all but disappears, it is the rhapsody that brings the story to a close, and what remains after its last chord sounds is for the audience to discover for themselves. (Reception) Critical reaction on release was largely negative. Many objected that the coincidence-driven plot was too much of a fairy tale, and only a few argued that this very fairy-tale boldness was the film’s strength. The music was generally received more warmly. The gospel number Hope sang was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song, and the end credits run through songs by John Legend and John Ondrasik, and Chris Botti and Paula Cole’s “God Bless the Child.” (Lineage) The film’s rival for Best Original Song at the Academy Awards was “Falling Slowly” from “Once.” Two films about street musicians and bonds forged through music thus met in the same category in the same year. John Carney, director of “Once,” went on to make “Begin Again” and “Sing Street,” both covered in this series. The idea in “Begin Again” that music recorded on the streets of New York can reconnect people differs in texture, but stands on the same faith as this film.

Lesser-known stories

In Hollywood, music is usually added after shooting and editing are finished, when, in Mancina’s words, there is neither time nor money left. This film reversed that order. Because shooting scenes in which actors conduct and play required the music to exist first, Mancina began composing months before the first scene was shot. In the finished film the music seems to follow the scenes, so the fact that the scenes were actually shot to follow the music is hard to see. August’s hands on screen are mostly those of guitarist Kaki King. Already known for a technique of tapping the fretboard with both hands, she played most of August’s guitar pieces and stood in as hand double for the close-ups. The duet in the square, however, was played by Heitor Pereira and Doug Smith. This division of labor, buried deep in the credits, shows that behind scenes that appear to be the genius of a single boy, the hands of many players overlap. The Oscar-nominated gospel song came not from a Hollywood composer but from the Impact Repertory Theatre, which had long taught young people in Harlem. Jamal Joseph, who led the group, is also a professor of film at Columbia University. Jamia Simone Nash, who sang the song on the ceremony stage, is known as the youngest African American performer ever to take the stage at the televised Academy Awards. The award went to “Falling Slowly” from “Once.” Mancina, who scored a film about the guitar, is himself a well-known guitar collector. In 2007, Carmel Magazine reported that he owned some 75 vintage and custom-built guitars and basses, and that he also collected unusual instruments such as an eight-string ukulele. The career of a composer who began in music on classical guitar and went on through rock bands overlaps exactly with the scene in which the boy first discovers the guitar.

Glossary 📚🔎

Score (film music)

(Meaning) The English word score comes from a word originally meaning a notch or an incision. In music it came to refer to the full score, in which the parts of many instruments are inscribed one above another, and from there the whole of the orchestral music newly written for a film came to be called the score. (In film and musical theater) Of the music used in a film, it means the background music the composer newly writes to fit the film’s scenes, excluding existing songs and inserted numbers. The “August Rush” album includes both Mancina’s score and songs by various singers. If friends played live accompaniment for a school-show play, the accompaniment newly made to fit the scenes would be the score, and the pop song everyone sings together midway would be an inserted song. (Elsewhere) In sports it refers to points scored or the scoreboard.

Rhapsody (gwangsigok)

(Meaning) Rhapsody comes from rhapsodos, the bard of ancient Greece who recited passages of epic poetry strung together. The Chinese-character name gwangsigok (狂詩曲) means ‘a song of wildly free (狂) poetry (詩),’ capturing a character that flows wherever feeling leads, without a fixed frame. (In film and musical theater) It means a piece that does not follow a set order of movements as a symphony does, but freely strings together several themes into a single movement. The film’s final piece is a rhapsody because it is the right form for threading into one the different sounds the boy heard in the wind, the city and the church. It is something like an album of travel photos arranged not by date but in the order they stayed in your heart. (Elsewhere) In everyday use, rhapsody can also figuratively mean an effusive outpouring of praise.

Leitmotif (yudodonggi)

(Meaning) Leitmotif is a German compound of ‘to lead’ (leiten) and ‘motif’ (Motiv). It means a short melody that serves as a guide through the story, and the Chinese-character term yudodonggi (誘導動機), ‘guiding motive,’ renders the same idea. (In film and musical theater) It is the technique of attaching a short melody to a particular character, place or idea, and playing that same melody again each time it appears. Mancina planted fragments of the final rhapsody throughout the film, so that at the end the audience would feel those fragments gathering into a single piece. It is the same principle as a game in which the same music plays whenever the boss appears, so you know what is about to happen before you even see the screen.

Tapping

(Meaning) The English word tap means to strike lightly, tap-tap. It is the same tap as in tap dance. (In film and musical theater) It is a technique in which, instead of plucking the guitar strings with the fingers, one sounds notes by striking the strings directly on the fretboard with the fingertips. With both hands on the fretboard, one can play several notes at once, as on a piano. Kaki King, who played the boy’s guitar parts in “August Rush,” is a player renowned for this technique. If you have ever drummed a rhythm on a desk with your fingers, imagine doing that on guitar strings, choosing the pitches as you go. (Elsewhere) On a smartphone, lightly pressing the screen once with a finger is called a tap.

Gospel

(Meaning) Gospel comes from the Old English godspel, meaning ‘good news.’ In Christianity it means the gospel, that is, the joyful news of Jesus’s teaching. (In film and musical theater) A religious music that grew up in Black churches in America, combining powerful solo singing and choir, handclaps and clapping. Its great hallmark is exchange: one person sings first and the group answers. The songs Hope and the choir sing in this film stand on this tradition. Picture the cheer at a school sports day when the head cheerleader shouts a line and the whole school shouts it back, and you can guess how gospel lifts people up as one. (Elsewhere) In everyday English, gospel truth means a fact beyond any doubt.

Call and response (give-and-take)

(Meaning) Just as in English, it means call (call) and response (response). (In film and musical theater) A structure in which one person or one instrument offers a short phrase and the other side takes it up and carries on as if answering. It began in African music and passed into gospel, blues, jazz and rock. In this film the method is used both in the church choir and in the duet where two people face off on guitar in the square. It is exactly like a clapping game in which a friend claps a beat, I clap it back the same, and then I offer a new beat of my own.

Cross-cutting

(In film and musical theater) An editing method that alternately splices together two or more scenes taking place in different places at the same time. When music moves with this editing, it creates the feeling that characters far apart are bound by a single beat. The film’s soundtrack weaves cello classics and band rock alternately into one track, so that the on-screen cross-cutting can be heard by the ear as well. Picture a video for a surprise birthday party that cuts back and forth between friends blowing up balloons on one side and the guest of honor walking home, knowing nothing, on the other.