novareads.musicMusical

千と千尋の神隠し

Spirited Away (2001)

A simple melody traced by a single piano passes through the tunnel into the world of the gods and returns once more to the back seat of a car on a summer day.

At a glance 🔭💭

1. DepartureReleased in Japan, 2001Image albumThe seventh collaboration2. IntroductionOne Summer's DayThe tunnel and duskThe Dragon Boy3. The bathhouseA name taken awayProcession of the SpiritsNo-Face4. The journeyThe Sixth StationThe aesthetics of ma (間)The House at Swamp Bottom5. HomecomingOnce more, the waltzThe ReturnAlways with Me6. LegacyAcademy AwardThe Name of LifeStage adaptation 2022Away2001Following the journey of a girl who lost her n…
Where the story is set 🧭🗺️
NUnited States of AmericaUnited KingdomJapanGermanyKoganei2001Sumida, Tokyo2001Berlin2002Los Angeles2003London2024

Some coordinates adapted from GeoNames (CC BY 4.0) · Pleiades (CC BY 3.0)

The makers ⏳🌊

  • ComposerJoe Hisaishi

    He had scored every Miyazaki feature since "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind," and on this film he composed, conducted, and played the piano himself.

  • DirectorHayao Miyazaki

    He wrote the original story and screenplay, directed the film, and set lyrics to some of the songs on the image album.

  • ProductionToshio Suzuki

    As a producer at Studio Ghibli, he led the making of this film.

  • ComposerYoumi Kimura

    She composed the ending song “Always With Me,” playing the lyre and singing it herself.

  • LyricistWakako Kaku

    She wrote the words to the ending song, and later also the lyrics to “The Name of Life,” the song set to “One Summer's Day.”

  • Lead voiceRumi Hiiragi

    She voiced Chihiro in the Japanese version.

Play all 3 on YouTube ↗

I. The seventh collaboration

(The film) Spirited Away is a feature-length animated film by Hayao Miyazaki, released in Japan in July 2001. Chihiro, a ten-year-old girl on her way to a new home, passes through an old tunnel into a bathhouse of the gods; robbed of her name, she works there to win back her parents, who have been turned into pigs, and searches for the way home. The film won the Golden Bear at the 2002 Berlin International Film Festival and, the following year, the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. (The composer) The music is by Joe Hisaishi. He was born in Nagano in 1950, and his real name is Mamoru Fujisawa. His professional name is said to be a Japanese rendering of Quincy Jones's. As a young man he immersed himself in minimal music, built on short figures repeated again and again. Beginning with Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind in 1984, he scored every one of Miyazaki's features, and this was the seventh. (The method) Once again the work began with an image album. Before the animation was finished, he wrote pieces from the notes and concepts the director handed him and released them on record first; the melodies that survived were then refined and the film's score built anew from them. The image album came out in April 2001, the soundtrack in July. The recording was made by the New Japan Philharmonic, with Hisaishi himself conducting and playing the piano. (The same year) The same year, theaters were also showing The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, which this series has covered. Howard Shore drew the map of Middle-earth with a massive orchestra. Hisaishi began from a single piano and drew an unfamiliar world at the eye level of one child. Both films tell of leaving home and coming back, but the distances their music measures are strikingly different.

II. Beyond the tunnel

(Summer) The film opens on Chihiro lying in the back seat of a car. In her hands is a bouquet from her friends at the school she is leaving, and her face is sullen. In the cue playing here, “One Summer's Day” (あの夏へ), a piano slowly picks out a simple melody over a thin layer of strings. Nothing has happened yet, but the film already sets out, at this very spot, the most important melody in the whole work. (The side road) Her father takes a side road and pulls up before an old tunnel, and the family of three walks through into the empty streets beyond. “The Road of Destiny” (とおり道) and “The Empty Restaurant” (誰もいない料理店) create an air that feels somehow hollow, even at midday. The melody is clear, but the harmony never settles and keeps hesitating. While the parents eat food that belongs to no one, the audience hears Chihiro's unease in sound before anything else. (Dusk) When the sun goes down, with “Nighttime Coming” (夜来る), lanterns light up along the streets and unidentifiable shadows appear. Her parents have already become pigs, and Chihiro looks down at her own hands as they grow transparent. Here the music draws the boundary between day and night, between this world and the other. (The boy) Just then the boy Haku appears and takes hold of her. “The Dragon Boy” (竜の少年) greets this strange rescuer with urgently moving strings. Why he knows Chihiro remains an open question until the very end of the story.

♪One Summer's Day (あの夏へ)2001Played by Joe Hisaishi · sung by Grace Davidson

The first piece, accompanying a sullen Chihiro in the car on the way to her new home. The central melody that runs through the whole work appears here for the first time.

  • Beneath a piano melody that unhurriedly picks out one note at a time, synthesizer and strings lie in a thin layer. It sounds as if a child's boredom and a vague unease were carried together.
  • This melody returns in the scenes with Haku and on the final journey home. It works like a leitmotif (Leitmotiv) — a short melody pointing to a particular character or feeling.
  • Hisaishi later set Wakako Kaku's lyrics to this piece and released it anew as the song “The Name of Life” (いのちの名前). It became known as a 2005 single by Ayaka Hirahara and was not included on the film's soundtrack.
  • It placed seventh in Classic FM's list of Hisaishi's ten greatest pieces. It is also widely performed in arrangements for solo piano.
Listen on YouTube ↗
♪The Dragon Boy (竜の少年)2001

The music for the moment when Haku appears before Chihiro, who is fading into transparency in the strange streets after sundown.

  • The strings rush forward, depicting the emergency, then change texture the moment the boy holds out his hand. Fear and relief collide within a single piece.
  • The title already reveals part of who the boy is. A name you pass over without a thought on first viewing reads differently later on.
  • A short piece of just over two minutes, yet its orchestral colors keep shifting. It is a textbook example of a chase cue (a stretch of music written to fit a single scene).

III. The child robbed of her name

(The gods) On the first night, gods from every corner of Japan throng across the bridge to the bathhouse to bathe. “Procession of Gods” (神さま達) follows that procession. It sounds as if percussion and scales recalling Japanese festival music were laid over a Western orchestra. This blending of Japanese folk color with Western instruments becomes the basis of the whole film's sound. (The boiler room) As Haku told her, Chihiro goes to see Kamaji in the boiler room. “The Boiler Bugs” (ボイラー虫) sets a busy, comic rhythm to the scene of the soot sprites hauling coal. Here, for the first time, Chihiro lends a hand with someone else's work. It is the moment a child who had only crouched in fear begins to move. (The contract) At the top of the bathhouse Chihiro meets the witch Yubaba, and in exchange for a job she is robbed of her name and becomes Sen. “Yubaba” (湯婆婆) portrays the mistress with heavy brass and an orchestra of exaggerated gestures. Menacing yet somehow comic, it lets you hear both faces of a character who is frightening and ridiculous at once. (Daily life) By “Morning of the Bathhouse” (湯屋の朝) and “The Labor Is Hard” (仕事はつらいぜ), the music takes on the expression of everyday life. A world that had felt wholly alien becomes a place to work, eat and sleep, and Sen gradually falls into its rhythm. Haku's warning never to forget her name lies quietly beneath these ordinary days.

♪Procession of Gods (神さま達)2001

A piece that follows the procession of every kind of god thronging to the bathhouse at nightfall. It is the moment Chihiro first steps into the heart of the other world.

  • A rhythm like a steady gait drives the piece forward. It gives the sense of a procession crossing the bridge and stretching on without end.
  • It sounds as if percussion and scales recalling Japanese festival music were mixed over a Western orchestra. This is the basic method of the film's sound: painting the world of Japanese folk belief with Western instruments.
  • Grotesque gods file past, yet the music is more wondrous and festive than frightening. It seems a choice that follows a child's eye level, which feels wonder before fear.

IV. Okusare-gami and Kaonashi

(The guest) On a rainy night, an enormous guest giving off a dreadful stench enters the bathhouse. “Okusare-gami” (おクサレ神) is a long cue of nearly four minutes, following the uproar that shakes the entire bathhouse. When Sen grabs hold of something lodged in the guest's body and pulls it out, the music drops the rhythm of the commotion and turns toward the majestic. In that shift we learn what the guest, who had seemed nothing but a lump of filth, truly was. (The mask) Kaonashi, the masked being glimpsed on the bridge, comes into the bathhouse. Pouring gold from his hands, he bewitches the staff, and the more greed he swallows, the larger he swells. “Kaonashi” (カオナシ) holds both a quiet loneliness and an uncontrollable rampage within one piece. For this character, who makes only a few sounds instead of speaking, the music lends its voice. (The turn) Meanwhile Haku, chased by a swarm of paper dolls, returns as a wounded dragon. Sen refuses the gold Kaonashi offers her and resolves to seek out Zeniba, Yubaba's twin sister, to save Haku. Urgent cues of just over a minute, such as “The Bottomless Pit” (底なし穴) and “Yubaba's Panic” (湯婆婆狂乱), drive this passage forward. (Courage) The soundtrack title “Sen's Courage” (千の勇気) points exactly to the change in Chihiro at this point. The child who at first was so frightened of a single staircase that she crept down it on all fours now sets out on a long journey without anyone telling her to.

♪Kaonashi (カオナシ / No Face)2001

A piece portraying the masked being who swells as he bewitches the staff with gold. For a character without words, the music gives a voice in his place.

  • The piece holds passages that circle quietly and passages that swell roughly. It sounds as if it were showing in sound the inner life of a character whose loneliness spreads into greed.
  • Unlike the lighthearted bathhouse music before it, an urgent passage blankets the background. It signals the turning point where the rhythm of daily life collapses.
  • At nearly four minutes, it is among the longer pieces on the soundtrack. It is built to follow one character's transformation, stage by stage, within a single piece.

V. The sixth station

(The train) Sen boards a train that runs over the water, together with Kaonashi. Half-transparent, shadowlike passengers get on and off, and beyond the windows pass submerged tracks and small stations. There is almost no dialogue, and the scene is entrusted wholly to “The Sixth Station” (6番目の駅). The piano repeats a short figure while strings slowly layer in above it. It is the piece in which the idiom of minimal music, which Hisaishi immersed himself in as a young man, emerges most clearly in this work. (Ma) In a 2002 interview with the American critic Roger Ebert, Miyazaki clapped his hands several times to explain the Japanese word ma (間). He meant that a film needs the time between claps — the gaps where the story stops and catches its breath. The train scene is where that gap stretches longest in this film. The chases come to a halt, and Sen learns for the first time what it means to set out alone on a long journey. (The swamp) Getting off at Swamp Bottom, Sen reaches Zeniba's cottage. Zeniba has the same face as her sister but is an entirely different person. “The House at Swamp Bottom” (沼の底の家) is a short, warm piece depicting the first evening of ease at the end of a hunted journey. While Sen spins thread and drinks tea, the story catches its breath before the final scenes.

♪The Sixth Station (6番目の駅)2001

On the train running over the water, dialogue almost disappears and the music takes over the scene entirely. It is the film's longest moment of rest.

  • The piano repeats a short figure again and again while the strings slowly pile up above it. Written in the idiom of minimal music, which repeats a single pattern while varying it little by little, this is the piece that most clearly reveals Hisaishi's point of departure.
  • A harmony suspended somewhere between longing and resignation never finally tips to either side. It sounds like the heart of a child traveling a long road alone.
  • It is often cited as the place where what Miyazaki calls ma (間), the breathing space between one event and the next, is realized in music.
  • This piece's motif later returns, transformed into brass, at the close of “Reprise.” Listen to the two in succession and you can hear how the meaning of the same melody changes.

VI. Again, the night sky

(Flight) Leaving Zeniba's house, Sen climbs onto the back of Haku, now a dragon, and flies across the night sky. During that flight a very old memory rises from somewhere deep in Sen's heart, and that memory becomes the key by which the two recognize each other. The question the film has carried from the beginning is resolved here. What she remembers is best seen for yourself. (Recurrence) “Reprise” (ふたたび), which plays beneath this passage, is, true to its title, a piece in which a melody heard earlier comes back. Over a waltz rhythm swaying in groups of three, longing and a new vigor ride together. Near the end the motif of the train scene returns, sounding now not in the lonely strings but in robust brass. The melody of a road walked alone becomes the melody of a sky the two fly through together. (Name) In this film a name is the cord that holds one to oneself. Those who surrender their names to Yubaba forget where they are meant to return. Why Haku told Sen from the very start never to forget her real name only now gains its full weight, in this flight. (Foreshadowing) The title “Day of the River” (あの日の川), found on both the soundtrack and the image album, reads like quiet foreshadowing aimed at this moment. On first viewing it slips past; on a second, you can hear that the music has been pointing the same way since the film's opening.

♪Reprise (ふたたび)2001Live: Joe Hisaishi · World Dream Orchestra · 2018

The music for the passage in which a forgotten memory returns during the flight through the night sky on a dragon's back. It is where the film's question is resolved.

  • A waltz rhythm swaying in groups of three drives the piece. It carries both the bodily sensation of gliding through the sky and a heart lifted as if dancing.
  • Near the end the motif of “The Sixth Station” returns, sounding not in lonely strings but as a robust brass fanfare (a brass signal ringing out as if in celebration). It is the moment the same melody turns its meaning from solitude to liberation.
  • At nearly five minutes, it is the longest piece on the soundtrack. Since the melodies scattered earlier gather together here, it may fairly be called the summation of the film's score.
  • In concert, Hisaishi has often performed this piece and the rest of the film's music woven together into a single suite.
Listen on YouTube ↗

VII. The return

(Trial) Back at the bathhouse, Sen still faces one last test set by Yubaba. How she solves it is best left to the film. What can be said is that the music does not swell here. It leaves the moment in which a child chooses her own answer quietly empty, handing the whole weight of judgment to Chihiro. (Homecoming) “The Return” (帰る日) accompanies the farewell and the road home. As Chihiro walks toward the tunnel, heeding the warning not to look back, the melody of “One Summer's Day” returns above her steps. The piano that enfolded a sulky child in the opening scene now carries, in the same notes, an entirely different weight. Set at both the beginning and the end of the story, the same melody lets the time gathered between them be heard of its own accord. (Ending) Over the end credits plays “Always With Me” (いつも何度でも), sung by Youmi Kimura while plucking a lyre (a small stringed instrument). The lyrics are by Wakako Kaku. It is a song that quietly affirms being alive even amid sorrow and days that repeat themselves, unfolding calmly, as if talking to oneself, without ever raising its voice. (Afterglow) The film ends, once again, inside the car. Only the audience knows what happened beyond the tunnel. As one instrument and one voice fill the space Hisaishi's orchestra has vacated, the clamor of the vast bathhouse shrinks to the size of one child's memory. For this music, Hisaishi and Kimura jointly received the music award at the 2002 Mainichi Film Concours.

♪Always With Me (いつも何度でも)2001Live: Youmi Kimura · Great East Japan Earthquake benefit concert

This is the song that plays over the end credits once all the commotion is over. Youmi Kimura sang it while playing the lyre.

  • The orchestra withdraws, and only the lyre, a small hand-plucked stringed instrument, remains with a single voice. It is an ending that folds the tale of a vast other world down to the size of one person's memory.
  • The lyrics are by Wakako Kaku. Accepting sorrow and days that repeat, the song quietly affirms being alive, sung calmly in a voice like someone talking to oneself.
  • The composition belongs not to Hisaishi but to Youmi Kimura. It was originally written for another Miyazaki project that fell through.
  • This song and Hisaishi's score jointly received the music award at the 2002 Mainichi Film Concours.
Listen on YouTube ↗

Lesser-known stories

The ending song was not written for this film. Youmi Kimura, moved by Miyazaki's work, came to know the director and is said to have come to write a song for a project Miyazaki was then preparing, called Rin the Chimney Painter. Kimura wrote a song for that film with lyricist Wakako Kaku. Miyazaki liked the song, but the project fell through. In the end the song became this film's ending theme. Because it belongs to the story of a film that never saw the light of day, it leaves no trace in the official filmography. The image album tends to go unheard, overshadowed by the soundtrack proper. Released in April 2001, three months before the premiere, the record holds not only Hisaishi's instrumental pieces but songs by several singers. Among them, “To the River of That Day” is a vocal version sung by Yuka Yamagata. Miyazaki wrote the lyrics for some of the tracks. It is a record of what director and composer imagined before the pictures were finished, and many of its melodies were dropped from the film or changed shape. The opening instrumental “One Summer's Day” has a version reborn as a song. Hisaishi set Wakako Kaku's lyrics to the melody to create “The Name of Life,” which became widely known as Ayaka Hirahara's 2005 single. Because it was not included on the film's soundtrack, many listen to it without realizing it is the same melody. The stage version, premiered in 2022 at Tokyo's Imperial Theatre, was adapted and directed by John Caird. Brad Haak re-orchestrated Hisaishi's film score for the theater's live orchestra. The role of Chihiro was played in alternation by Kanna Hashimoto and Mone Kamishiraishi. In 2024 the production had its European premiere at the London Coliseum, performed in Japanese with English surtitles.

Glossary notes 📚🔎

Guiding motive (leitmotif)

(Etymology) Yudodonggi (誘導動機), 'guiding motive,' means a small musical idea (動機) that leads (誘導). It renders the German Leitmotiv, in which leiten means 'to lead' and Motiv means 'motive.' (In film·musical theater music) A short melody that recurs whenever a particular character, place or emotion appears. The moment the melody sounds, the audience thinks of that character even if no one is on screen. It is like a game in which the same music always plays just before a boss appears: from the music alone, you know what is about to happen. In this film, the melody of “One Summer's Day” returns again and again along Chihiro's journey, changing shape each time.

Image album

(In film·musical theater music) An album of pieces a composer writes in advance, before the film is finished, based on the director's concept and visual designs. These pieces serve as sketches through which director and composer tune the mood of the work, and the best melodies among them are refined into the actual film score. It is much like art class, where before painting a large picture you make several pencil sketches and choose one to color in. Hisaishi and Ghibli have worked this way on many films.

Cue

(Etymology) The English word cue originally meant, in the theater, the signal given to an actor to begin the next line or action. (In film·musical theater music) A single stretch of music written to begin and end with one particular scene of a film. Some last a few dozen seconds, others several minutes, and they must match the action on screen precisely in time. Just as the cheering music changes the instant a runner takes the baton in a field-day relay, the music enters and drops out at the points where scenes change. (Elsewhere) In broadcasting, the signal sent to a host or performer to begin is also called a cue.

Minimal music

(Etymology) Minimal means 'least, the smallest possible.' The name holds the idea of making music from scant materials. (In film·musical theater music) Music that repeats a single short figure at length while changing it very gradually. It was developed in America in the 1960s by composers such as Steve Reich and Philip Glass, and the young Hisaishi was deeply drawn to it. Just as, when jumping rope to a steady beat, a single double-under slipped in at some moment feels like a big change, small variations within repetition catch the listener's ear. The idiom can be heard clearly in this film's “The Sixth Station.” (Elsewhere) In art and interior design, minimalism refers to a simple style that strips away ornament and keeps only what is essential.

Broken chord (arpeggio)

(Etymology) Arpeggio comes from the Italian arpa, the harp. It means sounding a chord one note at a time, as if plucking a harp. (In film·musical theater music) A way of playing a chord, whose notes would otherwise be pressed all at once, by spreading it out one note at a time, from bottom to top or from top to bottom. It gives the sound a rippling, flowing quality, so piano film scores often use it to fill the background gently. In recorder practice you cannot play do-mi-sol all at once, so you blow the notes one after another, and that is exactly a broken chord.

Waltz

(Etymology) Waltz comes from the German walzen, 'to turn round and round.' The name comes from a dance in which partners turn as they dance. (In film·musical theater music) Music in a one-two-three rhythm that divides each measure into three beats and stresses the first. Because it carries a sense of the body swaying and turning, films often use it to express excitement, longing or the feeling of soaring. Picture a swing: one big swoop forward, then two slight sways on the way back, and you have something like the waltz's triple meter. This film's “Reprise” rides this rhythm.

Fanfare

(In film·musical theater music) Music like a signal, sounded short and strong by brass instruments such as the trumpet. Originally it announced a king's entrance or the start of a ceremony; in film it marks moments of victory, liberation or a new beginning. Think of the short ta-da that rings out at a school awards ceremony just before a name is called. In this film, the train-scene melody, first heard in lonely strings, returns transformed into a fanfare in the flight scene.