novareads.musicRock

The Clash

1976–1986

“The future is unwritten” — Joe Strummer

At a glance 🔭💭

1. RootsFormed in London, EnglandJoe Strummer born in TurkeyPunk scene emerges2. FormationBernie Rhodes as managerFour-piece lineupTopper Headon joins3. PeakLondon CallingSandinista!Political experiments4. FractureCombat Rock hitTopper Headon leavesMick Jones fired5. BreakupCut the CrapDisbanded in 19866. LegacyStrummer's deathRock and Roll Hall of FameInfluence on Bono and U2Clash1976–1986A London four-piece that added reggae and poli…
The city as stage 🧭🗺️
NUnited KingdomTurkeyAnkara1952London1976–1986

Some coordinates adapted from GeoNames (CC BY 4.0) · Pleiades (CC BY 3.0)

Members and colleagues ⏳🌊

  • MemberJoe Strummer

    Took on vocals and guitar, becoming the band's voice and emblem.

  • MemberMick Jones

    Took on guitar and co-writing, writing songs in partnership with Strummer.

  • MemberPaul Simonon

    Played bass and helped shape the band's visual image.

  • MemberTopper Headon

    A jazz-trained drummer who added rhythmic depth to the band.

  • ManagerBernie Rhodes

    The man who brought the band together and designed its political image.

  • InfluenceBono

    He said he was deeply influenced by the stage show of The Clash that he saw in Dublin.

Play all 7 on YouTube ↗

I. The West London summons · 1952–1976

(Formation) Formed in London in 1976. Joe Strummer (vocals and guitar), Mick Jones (guitar and vocals), Paul Simonon (bass), and Terry Chimes (drums), brought together through manager Bernie Rhodes, rehearsed for the first time that summer. The band's name is said to come from the word "clash," which kept turning up in local newspaper headlines. (Slums) West London, where the band was born, was a neighborhood where poverty and racial conflict overlapped. Squatting in empty buildings was common, and unemployment and unstable housing fed the anger of the young. The clash between police and citizens at the Notting Hill Carnival a few months later became direct material for the band's early songs. (Strummer) Joe Strummer was born in Ankara, Turkey, in August 1952, the son of a British diplomat (his birth name was John Graham Mellor). He moved from country to country following his diplomat father before being sent to a boarding school in England, and in later interviews he often mentioned the isolation he felt there. The loss of his brother David to suicide in 1970 cast a long shadow over his life. Before the band, he led the pub-rock group the 101ers in the squats of West London. (Jones and Simonon) Mick Jones was born in London in June 1955, raised by his grandparents, and grew up in a council flat in Brixton. At Hammersmith art school he became absorbed in bands like Mott the Hoople. Paul Simonon was born in London in December 1955 and also studied art; he first dreamed of a band close to reggae, and taught himself bass, learning from Jones. (Rhodes) Manager Bernie Rhodes saw the 101ers perform as the opening act for the Sex Pistols, approached Strummer, and persuaded him that punk was the future. He was the figure who bound the four together and designed the band's political image, and over the following years he clashed repeatedly with the members over contracts and the division of earnings.

II. White riot · 1976–1977

(First stage) From the summer of 1976 they toured London's clubs and won a reputation by word of mouth with raw live shows. Drummer Terry Chimes left the band after the debut album was recorded, and in 1977 the jazz-trained Topper Headon joined as the new drummer, completing the lineup that would stay together for several years. (Debut album) The debut, released in early 1977, was recorded cheaply, in three weekend sessions with producer Mickey Foote, for a little over 4,000 pounds. Lyrics about unemployment, boredom, and race were captured in all their rough sound quality. At the same time, the contract signed with the major label CBS drew criticism within the punk scene that the band had surrendered to commercialism, but the band explained that it used the money to buy equipment for performing. (White Riot) The single "White Riot" came out of the clash between police and young Black men that they witnessed at that summer's Notting Hill Carnival. Strummer sang that young white working-class people deserved to be angry too; some critics read this as an attempt at racial solidarity, others as a slogan open to misunderstanding. (Ireland) The Dublin show in October 1977 made a deep impression on Bono of the later-to-be-formed U2. As a teenager, Bono saw that stage and, as he has said in many interviews, gained the conviction that one could speak about the world through music; this left its traces on U2's early sound and social statements.

♪White Riot1977Live: The Clash

Written after witnessing the Notting Hill Carnival clash, it was the first single, the first slogan the band threw out at the world.

  • At a little over two minutes, the song is short, capturing the attitude of early punk, shouting with no excess.
  • The alarm-like guitar sound in the intro recalls a police-car siren.
  • Joe Strummer's vocal is closer to chanting a slogan than to singing.
  • Built on the simple repetition of a thick-sounding chord struck on just two notes (the power chord), it is counted among the songs that even someone first learning guitar can easily play along with.
  • Live, it is played even faster than the studio version and was often used as the opening number of early shows.
Listen on YouTube ↗
♪The album The Clash1977Live: The Clash · 1980 Capitol Theatre

A debut finished cheaply in three weekend sessions, it captures the boredom and anger of London's streets at the time in all its rough sound quality.

  • Working with producer Mickey Foote put speed before polish, and that rough texture became the character of the whole record.
  • The track "Jimmy Jazz" is not on it, but "Janie Jones" deals with a dull working life and yet sounds oddly exhilarating, thanks to its brisk tempo and call-and-response chorus.
  • It includes a reggae cover of the Jamaican song "Police and Thieves," previewing the seed of the sound that would later expand into reggae.
  • The track listings of the British and American editions differ, offering a glimpse of how the record label of the time tried to package and sell punk.
  • The black-and-white cover photo and the street-flyer-like lettering directly reveal a low-budget punk aesthetic.
Listen on YouTube ↗

III. London calling · 1979–1980

(Change) In 1979 the sound began to break out of the punk mold. Traces of reggae, rockabilly, and jazz mingled in, and producer Guy Stevens is said to have drawn out the players' spontaneous energy in the studio by throwing chairs and shouting. (London Calling) The double album London Calling, released that same year, depicted the anxiety of its time by mixing apocalyptic imaginings such as a nuclear plant accident and a flooding of the Thames. The cover shows the moment Paul Simonon smashes his bass on stage; this scene, shot by photographer Pennie Smith, joined with lettering modeled on Elvis Presley's 1956 debut album to become one of the most famous album covers in rock history. (Sandinista) In 1980 they put out the three-record album Sandinista! Its title borrowed the name of Nicaragua's revolutionary force, a sign of their pronounced political interest, and it was an experiment spanning dub, gospel, and rhythms close to early rap. The members persuaded the label to release the three-record set at close to the price of one, even cutting their royalties to do so. (R.E.M.) The sound expanded around this time reached musicians across the Atlantic in America as well. R.E.M. is known to have been influenced by The Clash's genre-crossing attitude.

♪The album London Calling1979Live: The Clash

Opening with apocalyptic images such as a nuclear accident and floods, it is a double album that goes beyond punk to take in reggae and rockabilly.

  • In the opening of the title track, Paul Simonon's descending bass line lays down an ominous atmosphere first.
  • Mick Jones's guitar trails a long reverb (echo), adding a feeling of emptied space.
  • Joe Strummer's low, desperate voice sounds less like singing than like shouting a warning.
  • The cover photo shows Paul Simonon smashing his bass on stage mid-show, and it parodies Elvis Presley's 1956 debut record by borrowing its lettering exactly.
  • The album as a whole ranges from jazz-tinged ballads to rockabilly and reggae, so broad that it is hard to believe it is the work of a single band.
Listen on YouTube ↗
♪The album Sandinista!1980Official MV "The Magnificent Seven" — The Clash

A three-record set, it was a political and experimental gamble, released at close to the price of one even at the cost of cutting royalties.

  • In the track "The Magnificent Seven," Strummer shows a style of muttering as if speaking rather than singing, an attempt counted as influenced by the rap just then emerging in America.
  • Paul Simonon's repetitive funk bass line drives the whole song.
  • Jamaican-style remix techniques (dub) are used on several tracks, with variations that erase the vocals and leave only echo and resonance.
  • Some tracks bring in a children's choir or gospel-style chorus, showing the band's attitude of not discriminating among genres.
  • With a vast 36 tracks, it is easier to follow the flow by listening disc by disc than by taking it all in at once.
Listen on YouTube ↗

IV. Combat Rock · 1981–1982

(America) In 1982 they widened their American fan base by increasing U.S. touring, including opening for The Who's farewell tour. The 1982 album Combat Rock brought the band its greatest commercial success and reached the upper ranks of the Billboard chart. (Kasbah) "Rock the Casbah," on the album, was a song whose framework drummer Topper Headon completed alone in the studio by recording piano, bass, and drums in turn. Strummer read in the newspaper about a ban on Western music in the Middle East and set lyrics to it, and the song scored an unexpected hit on American radio. (Dismissal) Behind the success, cracks were widening too. Topper Headon later said himself that he left the band in May 1982 because of a heroin addiction. Terry Chimes briefly returned to fill the seat. (Straight to Hell) "Straight to Hell," on the same album, sets side by side the story of the mixed-race children left by the Vietnam War and that of a declining English industrial town, showing that even amid the heat of success the band still kept its eyes on the shadows of society.

♪Rock the Casbah1982Official MV — The Clash

A song whose framework drummer Topper Headon completed alone, it gave the band its biggest American radio hit.

  • The piano riff that opens the song was improvised by Topper Headon, who sat down at the keyboard instead of the drums.
  • The bass is also said to have been played and recorded by Headon himself, with Strummer and Jones adding lyrics and guitar on top.
  • The four-beat dance rhythm is built to be far more danceable than the band's other songs, showing a popular appeal unusual for a punk band.
  • The music video was shot in the Texas desert and drew attention for its satirical imagery.
  • It is a song consumed in unexpected contexts, to the point that an anecdote survives of it later being played on U.S. military radio during the Gulf War.
Listen on YouTube ↗
♪Should I Stay or Should I Go1982Live: The Clash · 1982 Shea Stadium

The band's most popular song, it was later used in films and commercials and returned to the charts after a long time.

  • A simple riff repeating a chord struck with just two notes, ringing thick (a power chord), drives the whole song.
  • The arrangement, which trades English and Spanish lyrics back and forth in every verse, creates a distinctive tension.
  • With no bridge, only verses and a chorus repeating, it is an economical structure, a song polished for radio play.
  • After being used in a 1991 jeans commercial, it reached No. 1 on the UK singles chart, famous as a belated success that came 9 years after its release.
Listen on YouTube ↗
♪Straight to Hell1982Live: The Clash · 1982 SNL

A quiet song that, even at the peak of success, gazed side by side at the shadow of the Vietnam War and a decaying industrial town.

  • Topper Headon's drums play a slow, dance-like bossa nova rhythm, quite unlike the band's usual style.
  • Instead of a noisy riff, guitar lines that paint a mood fill the space.
  • Two stories — the mixed-race children left behind by the Vietnam War and the decline of an English industrial city — continue in a calm, reportorial tone, never merging into one.
  • Strummer's voice, unlike the desperate shouts of earlier songs, sinks low as if weary.
  • Sampled in M.I.A.'s “Paper Planes” in 2007, it was introduced anew to a younger generation.
Listen on YouTube ↗

V. Parting ways · 1983–1986

(Dismissal) In September 1983, after a conflict over creative direction, Strummer and Paul Simonon pushed Mick Jones out of the band. With the central axis of the songs the two had written together gone, the band's musical drive was badly shaken. (Cut the Crap) Cut the Crap, released in 1985 with new members, was produced under Rhodes's lead but was shunned by critics and fans alike. It is said that Strummer all but erased the album from the catalog of their works. (Afterward) Mick Jones, having left the band, immediately formed a new group, Big Audio Dynamite, and continued making music that fused hip-hop and electronic sounds. The two, who once shared a stage, went their separate ways for a long time afterward. (The end) In January 1986, the band officially announced its breakup. The story that began 10 years earlier in the poverty and anger of west London thus came to a close.

VI. The future unwritten · 1986–2002

(Strummer afterward) After the breakup, Joe Strummer appeared in films by Alex Cox and worked as a radio host on the BBC World Service, broadening a life beyond music. In 1999 Strummer formed a new band, the Mescaleros, and took the stage again. (Death) In December 2002, Strummer died suddenly at home. A congenital heart defect had gone undiscovered until it was too late. Strummer was 50. (Honor) The following year, 2003, the band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. A reunion performance to mark the induction was discussed but fell through with Strummer's death, and the band never again stood on one stage. (Influence) The political statements and genre-crossing attitude The Clash left behind left a long mark on later generations. Bono named seeing them perform in Dublin as the starting point of an entire approach to music, and Tom Morello of Rage Against the Machine often cited them as forerunners who made music of resistance.

Little-known stories

In 1981 at Bond's International Casino in New York, authorities notified the venue that, because of fire safety regulations, it could not admit as many people as the number of tickets sold. The band said it could not turn away fans who had already bought tickets, so they added shows at the same price and in the end played every night for 17 consecutive nights. This choice, which put a promise to fans ahead of profit, was not widely reported at the time but is confirmed by the members' recollections and performance records. The band is said to have once tried to split its income fairly evenly. This principle of dividing earnings equally regardless of songwriting credit was recorded by biographers as an example of the band's egalitarian stance, but it is seldom mentioned, overshadowed by the glittering narrative of hit songs. “Rock the Casbah,” considered the band's biggest American hit, was in fact completed by drummer Topper Headon alone in the studio, stacking drums, bass, and piano one after another over the course of a single afternoon. The other members merely added lyrics and guitar afterward. Headon himself described the process in several interviews, but because of the common belief that it was a collaboration of the whole band, this fact circulates mostly among devoted fans.

Glossary notes 📚🔎

Punk rock

(In rock) A musical current that burst out simultaneously in Britain and the United States in the mid-1970s, referring to an attitude of pouring out anger and boredom as they are through short, rough songs rather than complex playing technique. It is like a school band that, instead of perfecting a difficult piece, makes songs from just three chords, shouting out what it wants to say to friends right now. (Elsewhere) Outside of music, the word punk is also used as slang meaning bad or worthless.

Power chord

(In rock) A chord that, instead of three notes on the guitar, presses just two notes to ring out thick and simple. Because it makes no distinction between major and minor, it is easy to lay over any melody, and when used together with a deliberately torn, distorted guitar tone (distortion), it sounds even thicker. On the piano, it is like pressing just two keys to make a strong sound without memorizing complicated chords.

Dub

(Word origin) An expression shortened from “dubbing,” carrying the sense of re-dressing an original song to make something new. (In rock) A remix technique born in Jamaica in which the vocals and some of the instruments are removed from the original, leaving the bass and drums prominent, with echo and reverb effects added to create a new feel. Imagine taking the lyrics out of a song sung in choir class, leaving only the clapping rhythm, and letting it ring out in an echo chamber.

Groove

(In rock) The feel of a repeating rhythm that the bass and drums interlock to create. It is not melody but the underlying sense of beat that makes the body move on its own. It is like jumping rope: the two people turning the rope must be perfectly in step for the jumper to jump comfortably. (Elsewhere) In everyday speech, groove is also used to mean getting into the flow, or finding one's rhythm.

Overdubbing

(Word origin) A word formed by joining, as they are, the English meanings of “over” (on top) and “dub” (to layer on). (In rock) Instead of recording everyone playing at once, a method of recording the basic performance first, then recording other instruments or voices separately and stacking them on top. It is like painting: first sketching an outline, then laying on color one coat at a time to finish.

Riff

(In rock) A short guitar or bass line that repeats throughout a song and creates its identity. If a song's chorus stays in memory through the voice, a riff is the part that stays in memory through an instrument. Like a slogan chanted over and over in gym class, once heard it calls the whole song to mind.