Diana Ross
A girl from Detroit's public housing became the face of Motown, and in the end took the stage under her own name alone.
At a glance 🔭💭
Some coordinates adapted from GeoNames (CC BY 4.0) · Pleiades (CC BY 3.0)
The people alongside her ⏳🌊
- ColleagueFlorence Ballard
A founding member who sang alongside her from the Primettes days and chose the name the Supremes.
- ColleagueMary Wilson
A member who stayed from the housing-project days to the very end of the Supremes; she died in 2021.
- PatronSmokey Robinson
A Detroit neighbor who built the bridge that let the girls audition for Motown.
- PatronageBerry Gordy
The founder of Motown, who made Ross the lead vocalist and opened the way to a solo and film career.
- FriendshipMichael Jackson
The youngest of the Jackson 5, whom Ross introduced to the industry; costarred in “The Wiz” and wrote “Muscles” for Ross.
- ColleagueNile Rodgers
The guitarist and producer of Chic, who made Ross's best-selling album, “Diana.”
I. The girl from Brewster · 1944–1960
(Birth) Ross was born in March 1944 in Detroit, Michigan, the second of six children of Fred Ross Sr. and Ernestine. At home the child was called Diane; the name a clerk wrote on the birth certificate, Diana, later became the stage name. While their mother was convalescing from tuberculosis, the children were at times sent to stay with relatives in Alabama, in the South. (Brewster) Around 1958 the family moved to Brewster-Douglass, a public housing project on Detroit's east side. Smokey Robinson lived in a nearby neighborhood, and it was a time when kids worked out harmonies on street corners and stair landings. At Cass Technical High School, Ross studied costume design and cosmetology, sewing clothes by hand and learning the art of makeup. In 1960, at the restaurant of Hudson's department store, Ross is said to have been the first Black busgirl (a dining-room assistant). (Primettes) In 1959 the manager Milton Jenkins put together a sister group for the Primes, the male vocal group under Jenkins's care. Ross joined Florence Ballard, Mary Wilson and Betty McGlown, and they became the Primettes. Eddie Kendricks and Paul Williams of the Primes later became the core of the Temptations, and through that bond the two groups would cross paths often, onstage and in the studio. (Threshold) Through Robinson, a neighbor, Ross won an audition at Motown. In 1960 Berry Gordy put off signing them, telling them to finish school first, but the girls kept hanging around the Hitsville U.S.A. studio, adding handclaps and backing vocals to other singers' sessions. That year a first single, released on a small local label, went unnoticed. For the sixteen-year-old Ross, that rejection was not an end but the beginning of a wait.
II. The girls of Hitsville · 1961–1966
(Contract) When they signed with Motown in January 1961, the group had to change its name. From a list offered by the staffer Janie Bradford, Ballard picked the Supremes. McGlown had already left to marry, and Barbara Martin stayed on briefly before dropping out in 1962, settling the lineup as the trio of Ross·Wilson·Ballard. In late 1963 Gordy named Ross the group's lead vocalist. (Obscurity) For the first three years, most of their singles languished near the bottom of the charts, and within the company they were teased as the No-Hit Supremes. In the meantime they were polished inside what amounted to Motown's finishing school. Maxine Powell taught them how to walk and how to carry themselves in interviews; the choreographer Cholly Atkins plotted their movements down to a single gesture of the hand. It was Gordy's calculation for putting Black singers on the stages and television screens of white middle-class America. (Turning point) In 1964 “Where Did Our Love Go,” by the songwriting·production team Holland-Dozier-Holland, reached No. 1 on Billboard, and everything changed. “Baby Love,” “Come See About Me,” “Stop! In the Name of Love” and “Back in My Arms Again” followed, five No. 1s in a row. For an American group, it was an extraordinary run at a time when the Beatles were sweeping the American charts. (Crossover) In 1965 they played New York's Copacabana nightclub and appeared again and again on “The Ed Sullivan Show.” Having mastered the grammar of show business, the Supremes became a symbol of crossover, carrying Black music into the living rooms of white households. Ross was also closely involved in choosing the stage costumes, and that background in design showed in the glittering gowns. Behind all the glamour, the group's center of gravity was gradually tilting toward Ross.
The Supremes' first No. 1, arriving after three years of obscurity. It was the starting point at which Ross's understated tone became the face of the group.
- In the intro, stomping feet and handclaps count off the beat in place of drums. Accounts say it was recorded by laying wooden boards on the studio floor and stepping on them.
- Recorded in a low key suited to Mary Wilson's range, it has Ross singing without force in a breathy lower register. That whispery, understated tone became the Supremes' signature expression from then on.
- Wilson and Ballard's backing vocals answer each line of the lead with a short reply, a back-and-forth (call and response) that gives the simple song a sense of rhythm.
- The thick, low baritone saxophone in the instrumental break contrasts with the light vocals and lends the song weight.
Sitting at the peak of five straight No. 1s, the song is also the performance in which Motown-style choreography training survives most vividly.
- An intro of organ chords ringing like an alarm creates a stop-in-your-tracks tension from the very first beat.
- The chorus move of thrusting a palm forward became the most famous gesture of their television appearances. Paul Williams of the Temptations is said to have helped work out the moves.
- The relentlessly driving bass and tambourine of the Funk Brothers, Motown's house musicians, turn a pleading lyric into a dance number.
- Ross's vocal swings between plea and warning. Pushing forward with crisp diction rather than belting high was the group's signature at the time.
III. The weight of a name · 1967–1970
(Renaming) In 1967 the group's name was changed to Diana Ross and the Supremes. That summer, by Gordy's decision, Ballard was forced out of the group, and Cindy Birdsong took the spot. The departure of a bandmate who had sung alongside them since the housing-project days cast a long shadow over the group's history. Ballard died in 1976 at thirty-two, and Ross attended the funeral. (Upheaval) Around the same time Holland-Dozier-Holland left Motown, and the formula for hits began to waver. “Love Child” in 1968, a song about the plight of a child born into poverty, was the first No. 1 on which a group built on love songs sang head-on about society's shadows. That year they released a joint album with the Temptations and appeared together on the television special “TCB,” bringing the bond from the Primettes days back to the stage. The joint single “I'm Gonna Make You Love Me” was also a big hit. (Jackson) In 1969, at a Beverly Hills club, Ross introduced five brothers from Indiana to industry figures, and their first album bore the title “Diana Ross Presents the Jackson 5.” The friendship with the youngest, Michael Jackson, would last for decades. (Farewell) In January 1970 Ross left the group after a final show at the Frontier Hotel in Las Vegas. Their last No. 1 just before, “Someday We'll Be Together,” was heard as a farewell. In Ross's first solo year, Gordy handed production to the songwriting couple Ashford & Simpson. A recording that rebuilt “Ain't No Mountain High Enough,” once sung by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell, in an entirely different arrangement went to No. 1 that year, proving that Ross could reach the top alone.
Ross's first No. 1 alone, in the first year after leaving the group. Turning a breezy duet original into a drama of monologue and chorus, it announced Ross's start as a solo artist.
- It opens quietly with strings and low piano, and Ross begins the story with a passage recited rather than sung (spoken word).
- The album version, over 6 minutes long, keeps postponing the climax, layering strings and chorus, until late on it erupts into a church-choir chorus (gospel-style).
- Heard side by side with the brisk original by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell, it reveals how differently Ashford & Simpson rebuilt the same song.
- Gordy is said to have disliked the long recitation, but once radio DJs started playing the album version, an edited single was released.
IV. The screen years · 1971–1979
(West) In 1972, when Motown moved its base to Los Angeles, Ross's life moved west too. Gordy, aiming beyond the record business at film production, made Ross its first face. It was a time when many looked skeptically on a recording artist turning actor. (Billie) In the 1972 film “Lady Sings the Blues,” Ross played the jazz singer Billie Holiday. With almost no acting experience, Ross said, the preparation meant listening to Holiday's recordings over and over, absorbing the phrasing that comes in late behind the beat and the habit of bending notes. It was not imitation but a way of laying Holiday's breathing over Ross's own tone. The role brought an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress, and the soundtrack hit No. 1 on the album chart. (Mahogany) In 1975's “Mahogany,” Ross played a woman who dreams of becoming a fashion designer. Gordy took over as director midway through filming, and Ross personally designed many of the costumes in the film. The sewing learned in high school had, in effect, made it to the screen. The theme song, “Theme from Mahogany,” went to No. 1 in 1976. (Disco) That same year, “Love Hangover” rode the disco wave. The one-woman Broadway show “An Evening with Diana Ross” won a special Tony Award the following year, and Billboard named Ross Female Entertainer of the Century. (Oz) In 1978 Ross played Dorothy in Sidney Lumet's “The Wiz,” alongside Michael Jackson as the Scarecrow. It was “The Wizard of Oz” recast with Black actors. The film struggled both at the box office and with critics, but it was on this set that Jackson met the music director Quincy Jones. There lay the crossroads where the boy Ross had once introduced found the road to an era all Jackson's own.
From the years when Ross's name as an actor was growing, this is the song that plunged straight into the disco current. Within a single track, a ballad gives way to a dance tune.
- The opening is a slow ballad. Ross sings in a breathy near-whisper, floating the high notes lightly.
- Around 2 minutes 40 seconds in, bass and hi-hat (the cymbal that chops the beat into fine pieces) come in, and the whole song flips into a dance track. That transition is the heart of the song.
- In the latter part of the album version, which runs over 7 minutes, Ross's improvised interjections and laughter mix in, so that it sounds less like a structured recording than a moment in a club.
- Producer Hal Davis is said to have dimmed the studio lights and dressed the room like a club to set the mood for the session.
V. In my own name · 1980–1988
(Diana) In 1980 she handed production of an album to Chic's Nile Rodgers and Bernard Edwards. After the sessions, Ross felt her voice had been buried in the band's sound and remixed the record with engineer Russ Terrana; Rodgers would later recount the tension of that process in his memoir. The result, “Diana,” became the best-selling studio album of Ross's career, and “Upside Down” spent four weeks at number one. (Independence) In 1981, before “Endless Love,” her duet with Lionel Richie, climbed to nine straight weeks at number one, she left Motown that May after nearly twenty years and signed with RCA. The deal was reported as the largest in the music business at the time, and above all it gave her the right to make her own records through her own production company. The singer who had grown up in Gordy's embrace was, for the first time, standing where she made the decisions herself. (The park) Her free concert in New York's Central Park in July 1983 was halted on the first night by a downpour, and Ross returned to the stage the next day to finish the show. Footage of that first night, of her singing on while drenched in rain, is still talked about, and a pledge made around the concert led in 1986 to the Diana Ross Playground inside the park. (Peers) In 1982 she released “Muscles,” written and produced by Michael Jackson. In 1985 came the album “Eaten Alive,” produced by Barry Gibb of the Bee Gees, and “Chain Reaction,” written by the Gibb brothers, topped the British chart the following year. That same year she also took part in recording “We Are the World.” In her private life she married twice and had five children. In 1988 she was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Supremes.
The first single from “Diana,” the album she made with Chic, it spent four weeks at number one. The recording emerged from a tug-of-war between the producers and the singer over the mix.
- Bernard Edwards's thick, bouncing bass forms the backbone of the song from start to finish.
- Nile Rodgers's rhythm guitar, its strings scratched in short, choked strokes (the “chicken scratch” technique), fills the gaps between the bass lines and sets the body moving.
- The arrangement, with strings stabbing in short and sharp in the high register, is something like Chic's signature sound.
- Ross lays the rapid tumble of syllables on lightly, without forcing. It is also worth listening for how the vocal sits forward in the remixed version.
Rodgers recalled that the song came to him after he saw performers dressed as Ross at a New York club. For Ross, on the verge of leaving Motown to stand on her own, it became a song that sounded like a personal declaration.
- The intro, with brass ringing out like a fanfare, is entrance music in its purest form. For years afterward, Ross opened her concerts with this song.
- The trombone solo in the interlude was played by Meco Monardo, known for his disco arrangement of “Star Wars.”
- Its spirit of refusing to hide oneself, of showing who you are, made it an anthem of the LGBTQ community.
- In 1997 the Notorious B.I.G.'s “Mo Money Mo Problems” sampled the song, bringing it back to the ears of a new generation.
Written for Ross by the Gibb brothers of the Bee Gees, the song was built as a tribute to the Motown sound of her Supremes days. It reached number one on the British chart the following year.
- Its texture, with handclaps, tambourine and bright brass, deliberately revives the feel of 1960s Motown recordings.
- The Gibb brothers' high falsetto chorus supports her from behind, producing a sound in which the Bee Gees and Motown meet within a single song.
- With each return of the chorus, a modulation (key change) raises the pitch center a step, keeping the giddy mood alive to the very end.
- In the music video, a black-and-white re-creation of a 1960s television music show, Ross takes the stage as if playing her own Supremes-era self.
VI. Return · 1989–2026
(Return) In 1989 she returned to Motown. Gordy had by then sold the company, and Ross was reported to have come back as an artist holding a stake under the new ownership. In 1993 she published her memoir, “Secrets of a Sparrow,” setting down in her own words her years in public housing, her mother, and the anxieties she felt behind the stage. (The stage) At the Super Bowl halftime show in January 1996 she sang a medley of her hits and then closed by leaving the stadium aboard a helicopter. It was a scene that showed a star of the 1960s could still command the biggest stage of the 1990s. (Legacy) The 2006 film “Dreamgirls,” starring Beyoncé, is regarded as loosely inspired by the trajectory of Motown's girl groups, and Deena Jones, the character Beyoncé played, called Ross to mind. Ross received the Kennedy Center Honors in 2007, the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2012, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2016. The fact that she never won a competitive Grammy is often cited as the paradox of her career. (Gratitude) In February 2021 Mary Wilson died, and Ross left words honoring her longtime colleague. That same year she released “Thank You,” her first studio album in fifteen years, saying it centered on songs made at home during the pandemic. In 2022 she played the Legends slot at Britain's Glastonbury Festival, and she has kept performing into the 2020s. As the album's title suggests, the shows of this period were close to a word of thanks to the audiences who had been with her for sixty years.
Lesser-known stories
Ross's original name was Diane, as her family called her at home. The clerk who wrote “Diana” on her birth certificate made that her official name, and Diane still turns up often in documents from her early Motown years and in her colleagues' recollections. Once her stage name settled into one, this small confusion survived only as a footnote in her biography. Some recall that “Where Did Our Love Go” was first offered to the Marvelettes, but Brian Holland has said he wrote it with the Supremes in mind from the start, so the accounts diverge. Because the song was recorded in a key suited to Mary Wilson's range, Ross was told to sing lower than usual, and that low, composed tone became the group's emblem. Overshadowed by the story of the hit, this beginning is seldom mentioned. The story that Ross discovered the Jackson 5 was Motown publicity copy. In fact, it was the singer Bobby Taylor who arranged the brothers' Motown audition. It is a case of the publicity outliving the facts. The Supremes' last number-one hit, “Someday We'll Be Together,” was originally prepared as Ross's solo debut, and the voices backing her on the recording were not Wilson and Birdsong but session singers. That two of the group's members are missing from the song remembered as the group's farewell is something passed around only among those who read the credits closely.
Glossary 📚🔎
Lead vocal
(Meaning) In English, lead means to go in front and guide. It is the voice that leads the song from the front. (In pop) It refers to the person in a group who carries the melody and sings at the very front. The other members support that voice with harmonies and interjections. Think of a class choir recital in which one friend sings the solo part while the rest add harmony behind. In the Supremes, Gordy's choice of Ross as lead vocalist changed the shape of the group dramatically. (Elsewhere) In sales and marketing, a lead is a person who may become a customer.
Crossover
(Meaning) The English cross over means to go across. The name holds the image of crossing a bridge from one riverbank to the other. (In pop) It describes music made for one audience crossing over to another audience's charts and stages and finding popularity there. In 1960s America, it meant a Black singer's music going beyond the R&B chart, centered on Black listeners, to reach number one on the pop chart, heard largely by white listeners. It is like a song known only to a few kids in your class suddenly becoming one the whole school is humming. (Elsewhere) In basketball, the dribble that beats a defender by bouncing the ball back and forth between the left and right hands is called a crossover.
Disco
(Meaning) It comes from the French discothèque, a club where records are played for dancing. Originally the word meant a place for storing records (disque). (In pop) It is the dance music that swept the clubs of the 1970s. The bass drum thumps on every single beat, with bass, strings and brass layered lavishly on top. Songs are often stretched long so people can dance for a long time without a break. When you jump rope to music with a steady beat in gym class, your body falls into the rhythm on its own, and disco's steady bass drum plays exactly that role.
Mix
(In pop) In the studio, the voice, guitar, bass, drums and strings are recorded separately. Mixing is the work of adjusting the volume, placement and tone of all these gathered sounds and combining them into a single finished track. Even with the same recording, depending on who mixes it and how, the voice may step forward or hide behind the instruments. It is like making bibimbap: with the same ingredients, the taste changes with the ratio of gochujang to greens. Mixing an already mixed track again is called a remix. (Elsewhere) In everyday use, mix simply means to combine various things, as in instant coffee mix.
Modulation
(Meaning) Jeonjo (轉調) joins jeon (轉, 'to shift') and jo (調, 'key'), meaning to move a piece from one key to another. It is also called jo-omgim ('key moving'). (In pop) It is changing the reference pitch partway through a song. In pop it is common to raise the pitch a step or two before the final chorus to lift the mood. Think of the moment at karaoke when, with the song in full swing, someone presses the key-up button and you find yourself singing the same tune in a higher register.
Spoken word
(Meaning) The English spoken word means a word said aloud. The name holds the idea of speaking rather than singing. (In pop) It refers to a passage in the middle of a song that is murmured, as if spoken, without melody. Conveying feelings the singing could not fully express, as if addressing the listener directly, it draws the listener closer. It is like the moment in a school talent show performance when one friend delivers a short line over the accompaniment. (Elsewhere) In literature and the performing arts, the performance genre itself, in which poetry is read aloud and performed on stage, is called spoken word.
Soundtrack
(Meaning) Along the edge of motion-picture film ran a thin strip on which the sound was recorded, called the soundtrack (the 'path of sound'). From there it came to mean a film's music as a whole. (In pop) It is an album collecting the songs and background music used in a film. When a film is a hit, its soundtrack sometimes reaches number one on the charts in its own right. It is like listening to the collected background music of a favorite game and picturing its scenes. The soundtrack to “Lady Sings the Blues,” in which Ross starred, reached number one on the album chart. (Elsewhere) In everyday use, it is a figurative way of naming the songs that recall a certain time, as in the soundtrack of my life.