Muhan Gwedo
A college band that, in the winter of 1988, opened two branching streams of Korean popular music with a single fanfare rung out by four synthesizers.
At a glance 🔭💭
Some coordinates adapted from GeoNames (CC BY 4.0) · Pleiades (CC BY 3.0)
The people around them ⏳🌊
- MemberShin Hae-chul
As leader, vocalist and guitarist, he wrote “To You” and the title track and produced the first album; after the breakup he carried on solo and with N.EX.T.
- InfluenceLee Sang-eun
Her grand-prize win with “Damdadi” at the 1988 Riverside Song Festival is said to have prompted Shin Hae-chul to write an upbeat song for the University Song Festival.
- RivalryJoo Byung-sun
A contestant who competed with “Dolmen” at the 1988 University Song Festival; Muhan Gwedo beat him to the grand prize.
- MemberJung Seok-won
A keyboardist recruited from the Riverside Song Festival team Laboratory, who after the breakup formed and led 015B.
- MemberCho Hyung-gon
The bassist who replaced Yang Doo-hyun when he went abroad to study; he wrote “Where Is My Hope” and took part in founding 015B.
I. A band of classmates · 1988
(Formation) The band was formed in 1988 in Seoul, South Korea, by college students with no agency behind them. At its center was Shin Hae-chul, a philosophy student at Sogang University, who built the band with friends he had known for years, playing on underground stages. The name Muhan Gwedo meant an endless, circling road. (Lineup) The original members were Shin Hae-chul, leader, vocals and guitar; Yang Du-hyun on bass; Kim Jae-hong and Cho Hyun-moon on synthesizers; and Cho Hyun-chan on drums. They were students at Seoul National, Yonsei and Sogang universities, and their majors were all over the map: philosophy, anthropology, pre-dentistry, civil engineering. When Yang Du-hyun later left to study abroad, Cho Hyung-gon of Yonsei's civil engineering department took over bass. (Keyboards) What set the band apart was the weight it gave to keyboards. At a time when guitar-driven hard rock was the usual shape of a college band, a lineup with two synthesizer players aimed from the start at thick layers of electronic sound. The late 1980s were when digital synthesizers and drum machines had grown cheap enough to reach amateur hands, and Muhan Gwedo was among the first college bands to embrace that change. (Father) For Shin Hae-chul himself, music was not a path his family had blessed. His father opposed it, and he is said to have written songs and prepared for competitions in secret. For the other members, the band was part of college life, pursued alongside their studies. This difference in temperature, present from the very beginning, would later decide the band's fate.
II. Defeat on the riverside · 1988
(Song festivals) In the 1980s, for a young person with neither agency nor connections, the surest road to broadcast was a song festival. The MBC College Song Festival and the Riverside Song Festival were televised live, and a prize led straight to a record deal and TV appearances. With color TVs now in nearly every home, the festival finals had become an annual event the whole family watched together. (Agicheonsa) In August 1988, Shin Hae-chul first entered the Riverside Song Festival, not with Muhan Gwedo but as a guest singer for Agicheonsa, a band formed by his high school bandmates. He sang a rock ballad but was eliminated in the third preliminary round, just short of the finals. One of the songs he sang then, “Don't Look So Sad,” would later resurface on his solo debut album. (Damdadi) That year's Riverside grand prize went to Lee Sang-eun's “Damdadi.” Shin Hae-chul watched from close to the audience as a bright, buoyant song won over judges and crowd alike. He is said to have taken this failure as a lesson and resolved to enter the College Song Festival not with a calm rock ballad but with a song that grabbed the ear from the first note. (Melodica) The song he wrote was “To You.” Because of his family's opposition, the story goes, he worked out the melody under a blanket, blowing on a melodica bought at a stationery store. Lyrics, music and arrangement were all Shin Hae-chul's. The members went back and forth over whether to compete, but in the end they agreed to enter the College Song Festival.
III. The final slot · 1988
(Jamsil) On December 24, 1988, the finals of the MBC College Song Festival were held at the gymnastics arena in Seoul's Olympic Park. Barely three months had passed since the Seoul Olympics, and a song festival staged in an Olympic venue carried all the elation of that year. Muhan Gwedo took the stage last of sixteen teams. (Diskette) Disaster nearly struck just before they went on. The diskette that loaded performance data into the synthesizer would not read; the story goes that only when Shin Hae-chul crossed himself and reinserted it did it finally load. Synthesizers of the day carried their sound settings on floppy disks, so the song's intro hung on that single disk. (Fanfare) When the grand intro began, four synthesizers sounding in layers, the air in the arena changed. Among the other entries, mostly folk and ballads, a structure that blended the grandeur of progressive rock with the brisk tempo of a stadium chant and then settled into a ballad at the end sounded new to the point of strangeness. It is also said that Cho Yong-pil, one of the judges, felt it was grand-prize material from the intro alone. (Grand prize) The result was the grand prize. The song beat out strong contenders such as Joo Byung-sun's “Dolmen,” and as the awards were announced the audience reportedly chanted Muhan Gwedo's entry number. The live recording became the first track on side A of that year's festival album. This performance became Muhan Gwedo's official debut.
Designed from the start to grab the ear, a lesson drawn from the Riverside Song Festival elimination, it won the grand prize at the 1988 College Song Festival and became the band's debut song.
- The intro is a fanfare built from four stacked synthesizers. Its progressive rock (a branch of rock fond of long structures and majestic keyboards) grandeur overwhelms the stage within seconds, and the intro is still regarded as the song's emblem.
- The body runs on a beat as fast and forceful as a cheering chant. The drums drive hard on every beat, and there are many points where the audience can't help clapping along.
- At the end the tempo suddenly slows and the song settles into a ballad. This twist, in which a racing song closes like a confession, makes it more than festival music.
- The College Song Festival live version is a step higher in key (the reference pitch of a song) than the version later included on Shin Hae-chul's second solo album. It is the version where you can hear the taut high notes of a twenty-year-old voice.
- It captures the bright, solid timbre of digital synthesizers of the late 1980s just as it was, making it also a record of the texture of that era's electronic sound.
IV. A record of six · 1989
(Recruitment) Once work on an album began after the grand prize, Shin Hae-chul strengthened the keyboards further. He had had his eye on Jung Seok-won, a Seoul National University computer engineering student who had appeared at the 1988 Riverside Song Festival with a team called Silheomsil, and invited him to join. Muhan Gwedo became a six-piece. (Recording) They recorded at Seoul Studio from March to May 1989, and that June released “When Our Lives Come to an End” through Jigu Records. It had ten tracks and ran just over 44 minutes. Shin Hae-chul handled lead vocals, lead guitar and production, while the arrangements were credited to the band as a whole. It was an album from the days when LPs and cassette tapes sold side by side. (Shared credit) The credits show that this album was not one person's solo act. Kim Jae-hong's name appeared alongside Shin Hae-chul's on “Summer Story,” Cho Hyun-chan's on “Like an Angel in the Rain,” and Cho Hyun-moon's on “Toward the End.” “Where Is Hope” was Cho Hyung-gon's song, “When Darkness Comes” Jung Seok-won's, and the instrumental “Movement” Cho Hyun-moon's. Sensibilities as different as their majors came together on a single record. (Questions) Shin Hae-chul's songs leaned toward asking, at twenty-one, about the end and meaning of life. A philosophy student's concerns had found their way into the frame of the love song, and the poetic, contemplative lyrics won critical praise. The title track spread widely over the radio. Kim Tae-won of Boohwal played lead guitar as a session musician on “Toward the End.” (Absence) “To You” itself was not on the album. MBC held the rights to the festival's live recording, and the label reportedly opposed re-recording it, so it could not be included. The song that had introduced the band to the world was missing from its only album.
Written by Shin Hae-chul as the title track of the first album, it is a song in which a twenty-one-year-old philosophy student pictures the end of life and asks what the present means.
- The speaker seems to address a lover, but what the song really holds onto is the question of what remains when life comes to an end. This manner of placing contemplation inside the frame of a love song is what gives the track its character.
- Over a broad bed of keyboards, the vocal begins calmly and opens up emotionally in the chorus. The thick sound of the keyboard section, two players and later three, forms the backdrop.
- It follows the typical structure of rock ballads of the late 1980s (quiet verses that burst into a powerful chorus), yet the weight of its lyrics makes it sound different in grain from the ballads of its day.
- In 2006 Shin Hae-chul re-recorded the song on N.EX.T's album 5.5, “ReGame?”. Set beside the original, it lets you hear one person holding the same question for nearly twenty years.
A song credited to keyboardist Kim Jae-hong alongside Shin Hae-chul, showing that this album was not the work of its leader alone.
- As its title suggests, it captures the mood of a season, providing a comparatively light, bright texture on an album full of heavy questions.
- Perhaps because Kim Jae-hong, who co-wrote it, is a keyboardist, the melody sounds as if it was built to flow naturally across the keys.
- This song is still remembered as one of the tracks on Muhan Gwedo's first album.
A song by bassist Cho Hyung-gon, it is the first record that offers a glimpse of the songwriting instincts of the member who would later lead 015B.
- It features a children's choir. The album's thank-you notes list the Namsung Church children's choir, and the clear voices of a church choir overlap with the sound of a rock band.
- As the adult vocal and the children's voices interlock, a feeling close to longing and prayer emerges. It is the moment when the song's voice widens from personal confession toward a shared plea.
- Some find here the starting point of the clean, unadorned melodic sense that 015B would later show. Such a connection, however, is closer to the listener's own interpretation.
A three-part epic written by Shin Hae-chul and Cho Hyun-moon, with Kim Tae-won of Boohwal sitting in on lead guitar.
- It is a progressive rock structure divided into three parts. The mood and meter shift several times within a single song, revealing an ambition to break past the 3~4-minute pop song.
- Kim Tae-won of Boohwal played lead guitar. That the playing of an already renowned rock guitarist made it onto a college band's album speaks in itself to the expectations riding on this record.
- With keyboardist Cho Hyun-moon among its composers, there are many passages where the synthesizer goes beyond accompaniment and carries the song's framework.
- Thinking of the long-form rock Shin Hae-chul later pursued in N.EX.T, it sounds as though the seed was already in this song.
A song credited jointly to Shin Hae-chul and Jung Seok-won, it was the leader's first collaboration with the newly joined Jung Seok-won and the starting point of the work the two would continue together.
- Following one person's emotions against the backdrop of city streets, it reads as a portrait of the loneliness of young Seoulites in the late 1980s.
- Jung Seok-won's keyboards lean toward creating atmosphere rather than flashy playing. This restrained sensibility would carry over into the urban sound of 015B.
- Shin Hae-chul and Jung Seok-won continued to appear on each other's albums after Muhan Gwedo. This song is where that relationship was first recorded.
V. Crossroads · 1989
(Temperature) Once the record was out, a difference in temperature within the band came to the surface. Shin Hae-chul wanted to make music his lifelong profession and pursue it in earnest. The other members saw Infinite Track as a precious experience to have during their college years. For young men with careers in medicine, law and engineering waiting just ahead, the life of a full-time musician was not a choice to be made lightly. (Departure) In the end, Cho Hyun-moon, Kim Jae-hong, Cho Hyun-chan and Cho Hyung-gon left the band to concentrate on their studies. It was less a matter of who was right or wrong than of people who had shared a stage choosing different lives. In 1989 the fervor of the student movement still ran high on campuses, and the future of a college band lay open in every direction. (Reshuffle) New faces filled the empty places. Lee Dong-gyu joined on drums, Jang Ho-il on guitar and Kim Jae-sung on bass, while Jung Seok-won stayed at the keyboards. Jang Ho-il, whose real name is Jung Ki-won, is Jung Seok-won's older brother. This lineup played for several months, but it proved hard to recover the original momentum. (Breakup) Infinite Track is said to have ended its run with a farewell concert at the end of 1989, a little more than a year after its grand prize at the University Song Festival. What remained was a single studio album and one prize-winning song. The band's life was short, but from the following year the people gathered here would carve out two new streams in Korean popular music.
VI. Two orbits · 1990–2026
(015B) Jung Seok-won, Cho Hyung-gon, Jang Ho-il and others formed 015B and released their first album in 1990, and Cho Hyun-chan later took part in the group's records as well. The shadow of Infinite Track lay over the name itself, so much so that a reading spread in which 0 stood for mu (無, 'none'), 1 for han ('one') and 5B for gwedo (Orbit). 015B chose to work without a permanent vocalist, bringing in guest singers instead; on “On an Empty Street” from the first album, it was Yoon Jong-shin who sang. Shin Hae-chul, too, sang as a guest on 015B's first two albums. Even after they parted ways, they lent a hand on each other's records. (Solo) Shin Hae-chul made his solo debut in 1990. “Don't Look So Sad,” which he had sung at the Riverside Song Festival, appeared on that album and won wide affection, and his second solo album, Myself (1991), included a newly arranged “To You.” This is the version of “To You” the public has heard most. In 1992 he formed N.EX.T with Lee Dong-gyu and others, returning to the path of the rock band, and in 2006 he rerecorded “To You” and “When the Life Before Us Comes to an End” for N.EX.T's album 5.5, ReGame?. (Farewell) On October 27, 2014, Shin Hae-chul died of complications following surgery, and on July 25, 2020, bassist Cho Hyung-gon passed away at 52. Many of the other members left music behind and went their own ways in law, dentistry and finance. (Anthem) “To You” outlived the band. It became a staple of college festivals and the cheering sections of professional baseball, and when it served as the opening song of the 2015 drama Reply 1988, it was stamped even on generations who had never lived through that era as the sound of 1988. From 2015 through 2017 it rang out as the closing number of the MBC Gayo Daejejeon. Even after the University Song Festival itself has vanished, that stage's most famous intro still announces the start of the festivities.
Lesser-known stories
(Absence) “To You,” the song that defines Infinite Track, is missing from Infinite Track's only studio album. The rights to distribute the festival's live recording belonged to MBC, and the band's agency opposed rerecording it, so it could not go on the first album. As a result, the “To You” the public has heard most is not an Infinite Track recording at all but the arrangement on Shin Hae-chul's second solo album, Myself, from 1991. The 1988 live version is pitched a key higher. Because people rarely ask which version they have in mind when they recall a signature song, this difference has gone largely unnoticed. (Diskette) A story has come down that just before the University Song Festival finals, a synthesizer diskette refused to load and the performance nearly fell through. Synthesizers of the day stored their sounds and settings on floppy disks and loaded them from there, so if a single disk misbehaved, there would have been no famous intro. The scene captures the precariousness of a transitional moment in the late 1980s, when digital instruments were first making their way onto the stage. (Cipher) The name 015B has long been shadowed by the Infinite Track cipher theory: zero (0) for mu (無, 'none'), one (1) for han ('one'), and 5B for gwedo (Orbit). The 015B camp has explained the name differently at different times, and because Cho Hyung-gon's PC-network user ID was 01orbit, some believe he was the one who coined it. That there is no single right answer, if anything, shows the shared roots of the two groups all the better.
Glossary 📚🔎
University Song Festival
(In Korean popular music) A song competition for college students that MBC has held since 1977. Students competed with songs they had written themselves in a contest broadcast live on television, and a win opened the way straight to a record release and airtime. Before talent agencies and the trainee system took hold, it was the widest door through which a skilled amateur could turn professional. Just as taking first prize in a school talent show makes your name known to the whole school the next day, a single grand prize spread a name across the entire country.
Riverside Song Festival
(Meaning of the word) It was first held on a riverbank in Cheongpyeong, Gyeonggi Province, and so took the name gangbyeon (江邊, 'riverside') — a song festival by the river. (In Korean popular music) Another song competition, held by MBC from 1979, which unlike the University Song Festival was open to entrants who were not college students. It was the stage where Lee Sang-eun won the grand prize in 1988 with “Damdadi,” and where, that same year, Shin Hae-chul was eliminated before changing his strategy and taking the grand prize at the University Song Festival. It resembles an athlete who loses at one competition, studies footage of the rival team, draws up a new game plan and wins the next event.
Synthesizer
(Meaning of the word) The word comes from the English synthesize ('to combine'), meaning an instrument that creates sound by synthesizing it electronically. (In Korean popular music) An instrument that looks like a keyboard but produces not only piano tones but strings, winds, even spaceship-like sound effects from electrical signals. In the late 1980s prices fell far enough that college bands could afford them, and Infinite Track built the intro of “To You” from four of these instruments. Just as you mix colors in a paint program to make a new color the world has never seen, a synthesizer blends sounds to make new ones. (Elsewhere) In chemistry and biology the word is also used for a device or process that synthesizes various substances.
Progressive rock
(Meaning of the word) Progressive means moving forward, advancing. The name carries the intent to keep widening the boundaries of rock. (In Korean popular music) A branch of rock that flowered in Britain in the 1970s, marked by long songs divided into several sections, majestic, classical-sounding keyboards and frequent changes of meter. Its influence is plain in the intro to Infinite Track's “To You” and the three-part structure of “Toward the End.” Just as the scenery changes with each act of a multi-act play, the scene shifts several times within a single song.
Session
(Meaning of the word) The English session means a single period of time in which people gather to do something. (In Korean popular music) The work of a player who is not an official member of a band but joins a recording or performance for a time — or the player who does it. On “Toward the End” from Infinite Track's first album, Kim Tae-won of Boohwal played lead guitar as a session musician. It is a bit like a friend from another class playing goalkeeper for the school soccer team for just one game. (Elsewhere) In computing, a session is a single connection from login to logout; in meetings, it is a single sitting.
Guest singer
(Meaning of the word) Gaegwon (客員) means a member (員) who takes part as a guest (客). (In Korean popular music) A singer who is not an official member of a group but takes the vocals on a particular stage or song. Shin Hae-chul appeared at the 1988 Riverside Song Festival as a guest singer for Agi Cheonsa, and 015B made a practice of working with no permanent vocalist at all, bringing in a guest singer for each song. Thanks to that, Yoon Jong-shin and Shin Hae-chul both sang on 015B records. It is a bit like asking a friend from another class to play only the lead role in your class play.
Remake
(Meaning of the word) The English remake means to make (make) again (re). (In Korean popular music) Rearranging, rerecording and rereleasing a song that has already come out. The original artist may do it, or another singer may. Shin Hae-chul remade “To You” several times, on his second solo album and on N.EX.T records. It is like looking back at a picture you once painted and painting the same scene again with fresh paint. (Elsewhere) In film, reshooting an old movie with new actors and new technology is called a remake.